STRATA · Ownership
Operation-level ultimate ownership and control blocs across 63 producer countries and 13 commodity series. Mining is multipolar; the processing/refining chokepoint is China-monopolised. Production-weighting sharpens both - operation counts systematically under- or over-state concentration relative to tonnes.
Control of supply · by stage
operations by control bloc - multipolar
the chokepoint stage - China-monopolised
Production-weighted · counts vs tonnes
counts ≈ tonnes · weighted over 18k t of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts understate China by 46 pts · weighted over 1.5M t of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts understate China by 37 pts · weighted over 274k t of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts understate China by 33 pts · weighted over 181k t of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts understate China by 29 pts · weighted over 2.0M t of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts overstate China by 13 pts · weighted over 4.3M spodumene of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts overstate China by 4 pts · weighted over 9.2M t of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts overstate China by 3 pts · weighted over 47k t of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts overstate China by 13 pts · weighted over 289k LCE of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts overstate China by 41 pts · weighted over 110k t of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts ≈ tonnes · weighted over 6.8M t of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts ≈ tonnes · weighted over 3k koz of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
counts ≈ tonnes · weighted over 4k koz of register-covered output - a partial census, not world production
Operations · ultimate owners
Operations by control bloc
| Operation | Country | Commodity | Ultimate owner | Bloc | Src |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMOC Brasil Mineração | BR | niobium | CMOC 100% (via CMOC Brasil; bought from Anglo American 2016). Ultimate controllers Cathay Fortune / Luoyang Mining. | China | ↗ |
| Mineração Taboca | BR | tin | China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group Co., Ltd. (CNMC) 100% (held via CNMC Trade Company Limited; Chinese state / SASAC) | China | ↗ |
| Atlas Lítio Brasil | BR | lithium | Marc Fogassa (controlling shareholder of Atlas Lithium Corporation; Atlas Litio Brasil Ltda is 100% indirectly owned by Atlas Lithium Corp.) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Nexa Recursos Minerais | BR | lead | Votorantim S.A. 64.68% / public float 35.32% (of parent Nexa Resources S.A.) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Vale S.A. | BR | copper | Vale S.A. (publicly traded; no controlling shareholder) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Nacional de Grafite Ltda | BR | graphite | Clovis Cordeiro Rudge Ramos / Cordeiro family, via Mangfite Participações Ltda. | Domestic | ↗ |
| Cia de Ferro Ligas da Bahia FERBASA | BR | chromium | Fundação José Carvalho | Domestic | ↗ |
| Companhia Baiana de Pesquisa Mineral CBPM | BR | (cross-commodity) | Government of the State of Bahia | Domestic | ↗ |
| Tenke Fungurume (TFM) | CD | cobalt | CMOC 80% / Gecamines (DRC state) 20%. CMOC operates; raised to 80% buying the ex-Lundin 24% in 2019. | China | ↗ |
| Tenke Fungurume (TFM) | CD | copper | CMOC 80% / Gecamines (DRC state) 20%. CMOC operates; raised to 80% buying the ex-Lundin 24% in 2019. | China | ↗ |
| Kisanfu (KFM) | CD | cobalt | CMOC 71.25% / CATL 23.75% / DRC state 5% (look-through). KFM Holding (CMOC 75% / CATL via Brunp 25%) holds 95%. | China | ↗ |
| Kisanfu (KFM) | CD | copper | CMOC 71.25% / CATL 23.75% / DRC state 5% (look-through). KFM Holding (CMOC 75% / CATL via Brunp 25%) holds 95%. | China | ↗ |
| Kamoto (KCC) | CD | cobalt | Glencore 70% / Gécamines 25% / DRC State 5% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kamoto (KCC) | CD | copper | Glencore 70% / Gecamines 25% / DRC State 5% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Mutanda | CD | cobalt | Glencore 95% / DRC State 5% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Mutanda | CD | copper | Glencore 95% / DRC State 5% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kamoa-Kakula | CD | copper | No single ultimate controlling owner; Kamoa-Kakula is a joint venture: Ivanhoe Mines Ltd. 39.6%, Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd. 39.6%, Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo 20%, Crystal River Global Ltd. 0.8%. | China | ↗ |
| Sicomines | CD | copper | Chinese consortium 68% (China Railway Group/CREC-led, with Sinohydro (PowerChina) and Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt) / Gecamines 20% / SIMCO 12% | China | ↗ |
| Sicomines | CD | cobalt | Chinese consortium (China Railway/CREC, Sinohydro/PowerChina, Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt) 68% / Gécamines + SIMCO 32% | China | ↗ |
| Deziwa | CD | copper | CNMC 51% / Gecamines (DRC state) 49% (via Somidez JV). CNMC operates, then reverts to Gecamines. | China | ↗ |
| Deziwa | CD | cobalt | CNMC 51% / Gecamines (DRC state) 49% (via Somidez JV). CNMC operates, then reverts to Gecamines. | China | ↗ |
| Metalkol (RTR) | CD | cobalt | Eurasian Resources Group (ERG) S.à r.l. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Metalkol (RTR) | CD | copper | Eurasian Resources Group (ERG) S.à r.l. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Gécamines assets | CD | copper | DRC State | Domestic | ↗ |
| Gécamines assets | CD | cobalt | DRC State | Domestic | ↗ |
| Weda Bay (IWIP) | ID | nickel | Tsingshan 51.3% / Eramet 38.7% / Antam 10% | China | ↗ |
| Morowali (IMIP) | ID | nickel | Tsingshan ~66% / Bintang Delapan ~34% (look-through). Registered: Shanghai Decent (Tsingshan) 49.69% / Bintang Delapan 25.31% / Sulawesi Mining 25%. | China | ↗ |
| Vale Indonesia | ID | nickel | MIND ID (Indonesia state) 34% / Vale Canada 33.88% / Sumitomo Metal Mining 11.48% / public ~20.6%. MIND ID raised to 34% in 2024. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Harita / Obi (HPAL) | ID | nickel | Lygend Resources 54.9% / Harita Nickel (NCKL, Lim family) 45.1% (group view; raw register 45.1 / Lygend 36.9 / Kang Xuan 18, Kang Xuan is a Lygend subsidiary). | China | ↗ |
| Antam | ID | nickel | MIND ID (Indonesia state) 65% / public 35%. Ultimate: Government of Indonesia via MIND ID. | Domestic | ↗ |
| Codelco (8 mines: El Teniente/Chuquicamata/…) | CL | copper | Chile State (Government of Chile, via Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile / Codelco) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Escondida | CL | copper | BHP Group Ltd (57.5% owner and operator); minority JV partners are Rio Tinto (30%) and Japan-based JECO Corp (12.5%). | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Collahuasi | CL | copper | Anglo American plc (44%) + Glencore plc (44%) + Japan Collahuasi Resources B.V. / Mitsui & Co., Ltd. (12%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Los Pelambres | CL | copper | Antofagasta plc 60% / Japanese consortiums (JX Nippon 15.79%, Mitsubishi Materials 10%, Marubeni 9.21%, Mitsubishi Corp 5%) 40% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Los Bronces | CL | copper | Anglo American 50.1% / Codelco-Mitsui JV (Becrux) 29.5% / Mitsubishi 20.4% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Candelaria | CL | copper | Lundin Mining 80% / Sumitomo 20% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| SQM (Salar de Atacama) | CL | lithium | Codelco (State of Chile) 50% + 1 share / SQM 50% - 1 share (Nova Andino Litio SpA) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Albemarle (Salar de Atacama) | CL | lithium | Albemarle Corporation | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| SQM-Codelco JV (National Lithium Policy) | CL | lithium | State of Chile (through state-owned Codelco, via its subsidiary Minera Tarar, holding one share more than 50% of Nova Andino Litio SpA) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Greenbushes | AU | lithium | Mixed JV: Talison Lithium is owned 51% by Tianqi Lithium Energy Australia (TLEA) and 49% by Albemarle Corporation; TLEA is a Tianqi Lithium Corporation (China) / IGO Limited (Australia) JV. Effective look-through ownership is approximately Tianqi 26.01%, IGO 24.99%, Albemarle 49%. | China | ↗ |
| Pilgangoora | AU | lithium | PLS Group Limited (ASX: PLS) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Mt Marion | AU | lithium | Mineral Resources Ltd (50%) + Jiangxi Ganfeng Lithium Group Co., Ltd. (50%) | China | ↗ |
| Wodgina | AU | lithium | Mineral Resources Limited (50%) + Albemarle Corporation (50%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Mt Weld | AU | rare_earths | Lynas Rare Earths Ltd | Domestic | ↗ |
| Browns Range | AU | rare_earths | Northern Minerals Limited (ASX: NTU) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Pilbara iron ore (BHP/Rio/FMG) | AU | iron | Mixed: BHP Group Ltd; Rio Tinto Group; Fortescue Ltd | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Las Bambas | PE | copper | China Minmetals Corporation, via MMG Limited as 62.5% owner/operator; minority JV partners are CNIC/Guoxin International Investment at 22.5% and CITIC Metal at 15% | China | ↗ |
| Toromocho | PE | copper | Aluminum Corporation of China (CHINALCO) - Chinese central state-owned enterprise | China | ↗ |
| Cerro Verde | PE | copper | Freeport-McMoRan 55.66% / SMM Cerro Verde (Sumitomo) 21.0% / Buenaventura 19.58% / Lima Stock Exchange float ~3.76% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Antamina | PE | copper | Joint venture: BHP (33.75%), Glencore plc (33.75%), Teck Resources Limited (22.5%), Mitsubishi Corporation (10%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Antamina | PE | zinc | Joint venture: BHP (33.75%), Glencore plc (33.75%), Teck Resources Limited (22.5%), Mitsubishi Corporation (10%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Toquepala / Cuajone | PE | copper | Grupo México (via Americas Mining Corp) 88.9% of Southern Copper / public float 11.1%; mines 100% SCC (Peru Branch) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Constancia | PE | copper | Hudbay Minerals Inc. (public Canadian company; no higher parent identified) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Antapaccay | PE | copper | Glencore plc | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Quellaveco | PE | copper | Anglo American plc (60% controlling interest) with Mitsubishi Corporation as 40% JV partner | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Buenaventura | PE | silver | No controlling shareholder - Antofagasta plc 18.94% / Benavides family >=12.0% (Raul Benavides Ganoza 6.54% + Roque Benavides Ganoza 5.48%) / Van Eck 7.04% / Fidelity 5.31% / other institutional & free float | Domestic | ↗ |
| Buenaventura | PE | gold | Compania de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A. (publicly traded; no controlling shareholder; largest holder Antofagasta plc 18.94%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Mogalakwena / Amandelbult | ZA | pgm | Valterra Platinum Limited 100% (both mines held via wholly owned Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited; Valterra JSE/LSE-listed, no controlling shareholder) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Impala Rustenburg | ZA | pgm | Impala Platinum Holdings (Implats) 87% / B-BBEE 13% (Impala Community Share Ownership Trust 4% + Employee Share Ownership Trust 4% + Bokamoso Consortium led by Siyanda Resources 5%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Sibanye PGM (Rustenburg/Marikana) | ZA | pgm | Sibanye-Stillwater Limited (publicly listed; no controlling shareholder) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Northam | ZA | pgm | Northam Platinum Holdings Limited (JSE-listed, no controlling shareholder; Zondereinde/Booysendal/Eland held via wholly owned subsidiaries) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Hotazel / Kalahari manganese | ZA | manganese | Hotazel Manganese Mines (HMM) consortium: South32 Ltd 44.4% effective interest; Anglo American plc 29.6% effective interest; South African B-BBEE entities 26%. No single majority ultimate owner; South32 is the largest ultimate shareholder via its 60% interest in Samancor. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Tshipi / Black Rock | ZA | manganese | Exxaro Resources Limited (via 100%-owned Ntsimbintle Mining, 50.1%) + Jupiter Mines Limited (via Jupiter Kalahari, 49.9%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Glencore-Merafe ferrochrome | ZA | chrome | Glencore plc (controlling 79.5% of the Glencore-Merafe Chrome Venture) with Merafe Resources Ltd / Merafe Ferrochrome holding a 20.5% minority participation | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kumba (Sishen / Kolomela) | ZA | iron | Kumba Iron Ore (Anglo American plc 69.7%) 75.37% / Exxaro Resources 20.37% / SIOC Community Development Trust 3.06% / SIOC Employee Share Ownership Trust 1.20% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Norilsk (Nornickel) | RU | palladium | Interros (Vladimir Potanin) 33.51% / Potanin charitable foundation 3.49% / En+ Group IPJSC 26.4% / other shareholders (free float) 36.6% - Potanin sphere combined ~37.0%, still below majority, no ultimate controller | Russia | ↗ |
| Norilsk (Nornickel) | RU | nickel | Interros (Potanin) 33.5% + Potanin foundation 3.5% / En+ Group 26.4% / Crispian ~4% / free float ~33% | Russia | ↗ |
| Norilsk (Nornickel) | RU | platinum | Interros (Vladimir Potanin) 33.51% / Potanin charitable foundation 3.49% (Potanin bloc together ~37.0%) / EN+ Group (via Rusal, effective 26.39%) 26.4% / other shareholders incl. free float 36.6% (as of 2026-03-13) | Russia | ↗ |
| Russia uranium (Rosatom) | RU | uranium | Russian Federation / Russian State | Russia | ↗ |
| Rusal (aluminium) | RU | aluminum | En+ Group IPJSC (controlling shareholder of UC RUSAL); Oleg Deripaska is a major/dominant indirect shareholder but not shown as holding >50% control of En+ under recent company disclosures | Russia | ↗ |
| Bayan Obo | CN | rare_earths | Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Government / Inner Mongolia SASAC, via Baotou Iron & Steel (Group) Co., Ltd. (Baogang Group), holder of the exclusive Bayan Obo mining rights | China | ↗ |
| China Northern Rare Earth (separation) | CN | rare_earths | Baogang Group (Inner Mongolia state) 38.03% / public shareholders (SSE:600111 free float) 61.97% | China | ↗ |
| China Rare Earth Group (heavy RE) | CN | rare_earths | Central SASAC 31.21% / Chinalco 20.33% / China Minmetals 20.33% / Ganzhou Rare Earth Group 20.33% / research institutes (CISRI + Youyan Technology) 7.80% | China | ↗ |
| Luobei/Heilongjiang graphite | CN | graphite | China Baoan Group Co., Ltd. (via BTR New Material Group Co., Ltd.; JV with Heilongjiang Communications Investment Group subsidiary at 40%) | China | ↗ |
| BTR anode (Shenzhen/Hegang) | CN | graphite | China Baoan Group 66.23% (23.67% direct + 42.55% via wholly-owned Baoan Holdings) / public float (Beijing Stock Exchange: 920185) 33.77% | China | ↗ |
| Xikuangshan/Hunan antimony | CN | antimony | China Minmetals Corporation (central SASAC), via Hunan Nonferrous Metals Holding Group - Hsikwangshan Twinkling Star Antimony Co., Ltd. | China | ↗ |
| Xiamen Tungsten | CN | tungsten | Fujian SASAC 30.69% (Fujian Rare Earth (Group) Co. 28.38% + concert party Fujian Metallurgical (Holding) Co. 2.31%) / China Minmetals (via Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co.) 7.68% / A.L.M.T. Corp (Japan) 3.19% / public float remainder | China | ↗ |
| Chalco gallium | CN | gallium | State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC), via Aluminum Corporation of China (Chinalco) | China | ↗ |
| Yunnan Chihong germanium | CN | germanium | State Council SASAC via Aluminum Corporation of China (Chinalco) / China Copper Co., Ltd. (Chinalco group holds ~40% of listed Yunnan Chihong Zinc & Germanium Co., Ltd., SHA:600497 - held via China Copper after the 2025 gratis transfer (无偿划转) of Yunnan Metallurgical Group's entire stake, plus ~2% held directly by Chinalco; remainder free float) | China | ↗ |
| Fugu magnesium smelters | CN | magnesium | Private Chinese operators (fragmented; no single ultimate controller identified for the Fugu smelter cluster) | China | ↗ |
| Sinochem Lantian fluorspar | CN | fluorspar | State Council SASAC via Sinochem Holdings / ChemChina / Haohua Chemical Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (SH:600378) - Sinochem Lantian is a 100% wholly owned subsidiary of listed Haohua since July 2024 | China | ↗ |
| Kachin State IAC mines | MM | rare_earths | Mixed/opaque: Chinese rare-earth mining companies/operators, operating under the de facto territorial and permitting control of the Kachin Independence Organization / Kachin Independence Army (KIO/KIA) | China | ↗ |
| Man Maw (Wa State) | MM | tin | United Wa State Army / Wa State authorities (UWSP/UWSA-linked Wa military and government leadership) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Nui Phao | VN | tungsten | Masan Group Corporation (via Masan High-Tech Materials / MSR; operated by wholly owned Nui Phao Mining Company) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Nui Phao | VN | fluorspar | Masan Group Corporation via Masan High-Tech Materials (MSR) - Nui Phao Mining Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of MHT; Masan Group holds 92.89% of MHT | Domestic | ↗ |
| Dong Pao (Lai Chau) | VN | rare_earths | Vimico (Vinacomin/TKV, Vietnamese state) 55% / other founding shareholders 45% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Oyu Tolgoi | MN | copper | Rio Tinto 66% (via Turquoise Hill, wholly owned 2022) / Government of Mongolia 34% (via Erdenes Oyu Tolgoi). Benefit terms under renegotiation 2025-26. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Erdenet | MN | copper | Government of Mongolia (state) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Tavan Tolgoi | MN | metallurgical_coal | Erdenes Mongol (Mongolia state) 81.5% / Mongolian citizens 18.44% / domestic 0.06%. Citizen share proposed to rise to 34%. | Domestic | ↗ |
| Ukhaa Khudag (MMC) | MN | metallurgical_coal | Mongolian Mining Corp (HKEX 0975) cap table: MCS Group (Jambaljamts family) 38.28% largest / public 45.42% / CGIC 9.21% / Kerry 7.09%. Mine 100% via Energy Resources LLC. | Domestic | ↗ |
| Sudbury (Inco) | CA | nickel | Vale S.A. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Sudbury INO | CA | nickel | Glencore plc | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Voisey's Bay | CA | cobalt | Vale 90% / Manara Minerals 10% (via Vale Base Metals) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Lac des Iles | CA | pgm | Impala Platinum Holdings Limited (Implats) 100% via Impala Canada Ltd | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| McArthur River | CA | uranium | Cameco 69.805% / Orano 30.195% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Cigar Lake | CA | uranium | Cameco 57.418% / Orano 42.582% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Saskatchewan potash (Nutrien) | CA | potash | Nutrien Ltd. | Domestic | ↗ |
| Esterhazy K3 (Mosaic) | CA | potash | The Mosaic Company 100% (via Mosaic Potash Esterhazy Limited Partnership) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Bethune (K+S) | CA | potash | K+S AG 100% (via K+S Potash Canada GP) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Highland Valley | CA | copper | Teck Resources Limited | Domestic | ↗ |
| Niobec | CA | niobium | Magris Performance Materials Inc. (privately held; Magris Resources Inc.) | Domestic | ↗ |
| North American Lithium | CA | lithium | Elevra Lithium Limited | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Morenci | US | copper | Freeport-McMoRan 72% / Sumitomo affiliates 28% (SMM Arizona 15% / SMM Morenci 13%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Resolution (pre-prod) | US | copper | Rio Tinto (55%, operator) + BHP (45%) joint venture | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Climax & Henderson | US | molybdenum | Freeport-McMoRan Inc. 100% (both Climax and Henderson wholly owned) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Mountain Pass | US | rare_earths | MP Materials Corp. (NYSE: MP; publicly traded U.S. company, no higher corporate parent identified) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Silver Peak | US | lithium | Albemarle Corporation | Domestic | ↗ |
| Thacker Pass (ramping) | US | lithium | Lithium Americas Corp. (public company; 62% voting/controlling JV interest and project manager). General Motors Holdings LLC holds a 38% non-controlling JV interest; DOE has a potential/limited non-voting economic interest via warrant, not operating control. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Spor Mountain | US | beryllium | Materion Corporation (publicly traded; no single controlling shareholder identified) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Fresnillo | MX | silver | Baillères Family Trust / Grupo BAL (major beneficiary: Alejandro Baillères; via Industrias Peñoles, S.A.B. de C.V. holding 74.99% of Fresnillo plc) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Met-Mex Peñoles (refinery) | MX | silver | Baillères family / Grupo BAL, via Industrias Peñoles S.A.B. de C.V. (Metalúrgica Met-Mex Peñoles is 100% Peñoles) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Peñasquito | MX | silver | Newmont Corporation | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Peñasquito | MX | zinc | Newmont Corporation (indirectly 100%, via Minera Peñasquito S.A. de C.V.) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Buenavista (Cananea) | MX | copper | Grupo México (via Americas Mining Corp) 88.9% of Southern Copper / public float 11.1%; Buenavista held via Minera México (99.998% SCC) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Las Cuevas | MX | fluorspar | del Valle Perochena family via Grupo Empresarial Kaluz (controlling shareholder of Orbia Advance Corporation); mine 100% Orbia via Koura / Orbia Fluor & Energy Materials (Compania Minera Las Cuevas S.A. de C.V.) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Fenix (Hombre Muerto) | AR | lithium | Rio Tinto Group (Rio Tinto plc / Rio Tinto Limited) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Cauchari-Olaroz | AR | lithium | Ganfeng Lithium Group Co., Ltd. is the largest co-owner/lead Chinese partner, but Cauchari-Olaroz is not 100% or majority-owned by Ganfeng; it is held through Minera Exar S.A. with Ganfeng 46.7%, Lithium Argentina AG 44.8%, and JEMSE 8.5%. | China | ↗ |
| Tres Quebradas (3Q) | AR | lithium | Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd. | China | ↗ |
| Centenario-Ratones | AR | lithium | Eramet S.A. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Rincon | AR | lithium | Rio Tinto Group (Rio Tinto plc / Rio Tinto Limited) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| San Cristobal | BO | silver | San Cristobal Mining Inc. (private, British Columbia, Canada; beneficial owners undisclosed) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Salar de Uyuni (CBC) | BO | lithium | Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB) / Bolivian state; Hong Kong CBC Investment Limited is the Chinese service-contractor/investor partner, not the sole ultimate owner/controller of the Salar de Uyuni project | China | ↗ |
| Salar de Uyuni (Uranium One) | BO | lithium | Mixed/JV: State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom via Uranium One Group JSC + Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB), Bolivian state company | Russia | ↗ |
| Huanuni | BO | tin | Bolivian State 100% - Empresa Minera Huanuni, state enterprise dependent on Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) | Domestic | ↗ |
| KATCO | KZ | uranium | French State (via majority-controlled Orano SA / Orano Mining SAS, which owns 51% of KATCO JV LLP) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| JV Inkai | KZ | uranium | Kazatomprom 60% / Cameco 40% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Budenovskoye | KZ | uranium | Government of Kazakhstan / Republic of Kazakhstan, via Samruk-Kazyna-controlled Kazatomprom (51% and voting/control of JV Budenovskoye); minority 49% held through Stepnogorsk Mining and Chemical Plant linked to Rosatom/Uranium One | Domestic | ↗ |
| Ortalyk | KZ | uranium | Government of Kazakhstan / Samruk-Kazyna via NAC Kazatomprom JSC (51% controlling interest); CGN Mining UK Ltd / China General Nuclear Power Corp. holds a 49% minority interest | Domestic | ↗ |
| South Inkai | KZ | uranium | Uranium One (Rosatom) 70% / Kazatomprom 30% | Russia | ↗ |
| Kazchrome (Donskoy/Aktobe) | KZ | chromium | Eurasian Resources Group S.à r.l. (ERG), ultimately owned 40% by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the remaining ~60% by founder/shareholder interests (Patokh Chodiev and heirs/estates of Alijan Ibragimov and Alexander Machkevitch/Mashkevich). | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kazakhmys/KAZ Minerals | KZ | copper | Vladimir Kim and Oleg Novachuk, via Nova Resources B.V. | Domestic | ↗ |
| Muruntau | UZ | gold | Republic of Uzbekistan 100% (sole shareholder: Ministry of Economy and Finance; operator JSC Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Company) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Navoiyuran | UZ | uranium | Republic of Uzbekistan (via the Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Almalyk (Kalmakyr-Yoshlik) | UZ | copper | Uzbek State 98.74% (Ministry of Economy and Finance 72.78% / Fund for Reconstruction and Development 24.45% / State Assets Management Agency 1.51%) / minority holders 1.26% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Sangaredi (CBG) | GN | bauxite_alumina | No single ultimate controlling owner; CBG/Sangaredi is a joint venture: Halco Mining Inc. holds 51% and the Government of Guinea holds 49%. Halco Mining is itself owned by Alcoa (~45%), Rio Tinto (~45%), and Dadco Investments (~10%). | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| SMB Boke | GN | bauxite_alumina | SMB-Winning Consortium (JV led by Winning International Group/Winning Shipping of Singapore, with Shandong Weiqiao/China Hongqiao, Yantai Port Group, UMS Guinea, and 10% Republic of Guinea participation in SMB) | China | ↗ |
| Boffa | GN | bauxite_alumina | Chalco (Chinalco/SASAC) 85% / Government of Guinea 15% | China | ↗ |
| Simandou blocks 3-4 (Simfer) | GN | iron | SimFer S.A. JV: SimFer Jersey Ltd 85% (Rio Tinto Group 53%; Chalco Iron Ore Holdings/CIOH 47%) + Government of Guinea 15%. Effective interests: Rio Tinto 45.05%, CIOH/Chinalco-led Chinese SOE consortium 39.95%, Guinea 15%. Rio Tinto is the lead/largest controlling partner, but control is best classified as a mixed JV rather than solely Rio-owned. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Simandou blocks 1-2 (WCS) | GN | iron | China Baowu (Baowu Resources) 51% of BWCS consortium (ex-WCS: Winning International Group / Weiqiao (China Hongqiao) / UMS 49%); project level: BWCS 85% / Government of Guinea 15% | China | ↗ |
| Kansanshi | ZM | copper | First Quantum 80% / ZCCM-IH 20% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Lumwana | ZM | copper | Barrick Mining Corporation | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Sentinel (Kalumbila) | ZM | copper | First Quantum Minerals Ltd. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Mopani | ZM | copper | IRH / International Resources Holding (Abu Dhabi) 51% / ZCCM-IH 49% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Zimplats | ZW | pgm | Impala Platinum Holdings (Implats) 87% / independent shareholders (ASX free float) 13% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Unki | ZW | pgm | Valterra Platinum Limited 100% (via Unki Mines (Private) Limited) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Bikita | ZW | lithium | Sinomine Resource Group Co., Ltd. (100% via Sinomine (Hong Kong) Rare Metals Resources -> African Minerals Ltd -> Bikita Minerals (Private) Ltd) | China | ↗ |
| Arcadia | ZW | lithium | Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co., Ltd. (100% of Prospect Lithium Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd) | China | ↗ |
| Sabi Star | ZW | lithium | Chengxin Lithium Group Co., Ltd. (100% indirect of Max Mind (Zimbabwe) (Pvt) Ltd) | China | ↗ |
| Khouribga (OCP) | MA | phosphate | Moroccan State 94.12% / Infra Maroc Capital 2.98% / Prev Invest SA 1.10% / SADV 0.88% / SOCINVEST 0.82% / Banque Centrale Populaire 0.10% (shareholders of OCP S.A.; Khouribga mine itself is 100% OCP) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Bou Azzer | MA | cobalt | Al Mada S.A. (via Managem S.A. and its 99.79%-owned subsidiary Compagnie de Tifnout Tighanimine/CTT) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Moanda (Comilog) | GA | manganese | SORAME + CEIR (Duval family concert), via Eramet S.A.; Eramet controls COMILOG/Moanda with a 63.71% indirect stake | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Franceville (NGM) | GA | manganese | Coalsale Group / Coalsale Company Limited, with the Government of Gabon as a 10% minority JV shareholder | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Husab | NA | uranium | China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN), via Swakop Uranium / Taurus Minerals; with a minority Chinese state policy-fund co-investor (China-Africa Development Fund) and 10% Namibian state interest held by Epangelo | China | ↗ |
| Rossing | NA | uranium | CNNC (via CNUC Namibia Mining) 68.62% / IFIC (Iran) 15% / IDC South Africa 10.2% / Government of Namibia 3.4% (holds 51% of voting rights) / individual shareholders ~2.8% (balance) | China | ↗ |
| Langer Heinrich | NA | uranium | Paladin Energy 75% / CNNC (CNNC Overseas Ltd) 25% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Ambatovy | MG | nickel | AMRI (UK-based Essenwood Partners / Zungu Investments consortium) 54.17% / KOMIR (Korea, state) 45.83%. Sumitomo exited May 2026 (operator: 'shareholders are now AMRI and KOMIR') | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Ambatovy | MG | cobalt | AMRI (UK-based Essenwood Partners / Zungu Investments consortium) 54.17% / KOMIR (Korea, state) 45.83%. Sumitomo exited May 2026 (operator: 'shareholders are now AMRI and KOMIR') | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| QMM | MG | titanium | Rio Tinto 85% (economic; 80% voting) / Government of Madagascar 15% free-carry (20% voting) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Molo | MG | graphite | NextSource Materials Inc. (Canada-listed public company; no confirmed majority parent; Vision Blue Resources Ltd. is a large non-majority strategic shareholder) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Balama | MZ | graphite | Syrah Resources 95% / Government of Mozambique (EMEM) 5% (free carried) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Ancuabe | MZ | graphite | Triton Minerals Limited | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Moma | MZ | titanium | Kenmare Resources plc (publicly listed LSE/Euronext Dublin; no controlling parent; Moma wholly owned via Kenmare Moma Mining/Processing subsidiaries) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kabanga | TZ | nickel | Lifezone Metals 84% / Government of Tanzania 16% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Mahenge | TZ | graphite | Black Rock Mining 84% / Government of Tanzania 16% (free carried) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Terrafame | FI | nickel | Finnish Minerals Group 56.1% / Galena funds (Trafigura) 39.4% / Mandatum 4.5% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Terrafame | FI | cobalt | Finnish Minerals Group 56.1% / Galena funds 39.4% / Mandatum 4.5% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Kevitsa | FI | nickel | Boliden AB | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kokkola cobalt refinery | FI | cobalt | Umicore SA/NV | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kiruna | SE | iron | Swedish State (Government of Sweden), via wholly owned Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB (LKAB) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Per Geijer (pre-prod) | SE | rare_earths | Government of Sweden (Swedish state), via the Ministry of Finance; LKAB / Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB is the project owner/operator | Domestic | ↗ |
| Goro (Prony) | NC | nickel | Prony Resources New Caledonia S.A.S. - jointly held, with effective/local majority by New Caledonian stakeholders (SPMSC, FCPE/employees, Fiducie NC/local population, and local/management-linked Compagnie Financière de Prony); Trafigura Pte Ltd is a minority shareholder (19%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Doniambo (SLN) | NC | nickel | Eramet 56% / STCPI 34% / Nisshin Steel 10% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Koniambo (KNS) | NC | nickel | SMSP 51% / Glencore 49% (Glencore exiting) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Taganito (Nickel Asia) | PH | nickel | Nickel Asia 65% / Pacific Metals (PAMCO) & Sojitz 35% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Rio Tuba (Nickel Asia) | PH | nickel | Nickel Asia 60% / Pacific Metals (PAMCO) 36% / Sojitz 4% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Taganito HPAL / Coral Bay | PH | nickel | Taganito HPAL: Sumitomo Metal Mining 75% / Mitsui 15% / Nickel Asia 10%; Coral Bay: SMM 100% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Lynas Malaysia (LAMP) | MY | rare_earths | Lynas Rare Earths Limited (publicly listed; no higher controlling parent identified) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Malaysia Smelting Corp | MY | tin | The Straits Trading Company Limited 51.96% (26.75% direct + 25.21% deemed; ultimate holding company Tan Chin Tuan Pte. Ltd.) / other public shareholders (Bursa/SGX float) 48.04% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Eti Maden boron | TR | boron | Republic of Türkiye / Turkish state, via Türkiye Wealth Fund (TWF), which owns 100% of Eti Maden | Domestic | ↗ |
| Eti Krom chromium | TR | chromium | YILDIRIM Group (privately held by the YILDIRIM family), via Yilmaden Holding, YILDIRIM's metals & mining division (est. 2014) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Goulamina | ML | lithium | Ganfeng Lithium 65% / State of Mali 35% (Lithium du Mali SA) | China | ↗ |
| Bougouni | ML | lithium | Kodal Mining UK 65% (Hainan Mining 51% / Kodal Minerals 49%) / State of Mali & national investors 35% (Les Mines de Lithium de Bougouni SA) | China | ↗ |
| Avatar Nasarawa lithium plant | NG | lithium | Jiangsu Tianyi Group | China | ↗ |
| Trinity Metals (3T) | RW | tantalum | TechMet Limited | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Jadar | RS | lithium | Rio Tinto Group (Rio Tinto plc / Rio Tinto Limited) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Fensfeltet | NO | rare_earths | Steinsvik family / Hustadlitt AS (95% controlling shareholder of Rare Earths Norway AS) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Engebo | NO | titanium | Nordic Mining ASA (Oslo-listed; Engebo held via wholly owned subsidiary Engebo Rutile and Garnet AS, formerly Nordic Rutile AS) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Tanbreez | GL | rare_earths | Critical Metals Corp (Nasdaq: CRML) - controlling 92.5% owner/operator; publicly listed, with European Lithium Ltd retaining 7.5% of Tanbreez and a large minority stake in CRML | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kvanefjeld | GL | rare_earths | Energy Transition Minerals Ltd (ASX: ETM), via wholly owned subsidiary Greenland Minerals A/S (GMAS) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Graphite India | IN | graphite | Emerald Company Private Limited (K.K. Bangur family) 61.33% / other shareholders 38.67% (of which ~4-5% is other promoter-group entities, e.g. Shree Laxmi Agents/Carbo Ceramics/persons acting in concert; non-promoter public ~34%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Ma'aden phosphate | SA | phosphate | Public Investment Fund (PIF), Government of Saudi Arabia | Domestic | ↗ |
| UMCC-Titanium | UA | titanium | Nasib Hasanov / NEQSOL Holding via Cemin Ukraine LLC (100% of JSC UMCC acquired in the October 2024 privatization; AMCU cleared concentration of 100% on 29 May 2025) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Zavalievsky Graphite | UA | graphite | Volt Resources 70% / pre-acquisition ZG Group shareholders 30% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Polokhivske (lithium, undeveloped) | UA | lithium | Serhii Oleksandrovych Tabalov (UBO of UkrLithiumMining LLC; 99.9994% held via KHARSAM ORES FZE) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Barroso | PT | lithium | Savannah Resources plc | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Serra Verde (Pela Ema) | BR | rare_earths | SVRE Holdings Ltd. / Serra Verde Group shareholder consortium (Denham Capital, Vision Blue Resources, The Energy & Minerals Group; Orion has financing/royalty/preferred exposure rather than clearly a controlling owner). Pending announced sale to USA Rare Earth Inc. is not yet closed. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| PT Timah | ID | tin | Government of the Republic of Indonesia / Indonesian state (direct Dwiwarna control; 65% Series B held by state-owned MIND ID) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Manono (coltan) | CD | tantalum | Tantalex Lithium Resources Corp. (Canada) - via 52% controlling interest in Minocom Mining SAS / Manono Lithium Tailings; not Zijin Mining for the coltan/tantalum Manono operation identified here | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Eneabba REE refinery | AU | rare_earths | Iluka Resources Limited | Domestic | ↗ |
| Nolans | AU | rare_earths | Arafura Rare Earths Limited | Domestic | ↗ |
| cobalt refining | GLOBAL | cobalt | No single ultimate owner. Global cobalt refining is China-controlled at the sector level, led by Chinese companies including Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, GEM Co./Shenzhen GEM High-Tech, Jinchuan Group, and CMOC for major mine/intermediate refining exposure. | China | ↗ |
| nickel refining/HPAL | GLOBAL | nickel | GEM Co., Ltd. - ultimately controlled by Shenzhen Huifengyuan Investment Co., Ltd. / actual controllers Xu Kaihua and Wang Min | China | ↗ |
| lithium conversion | GLOBAL | lithium | Li Liangbin / Ganfeng Lithium Group Co., Ltd.; Jiang Weiping family / Tianqi Lithium Corporation | China | ↗ |
| rare earths separation+magnets | GLOBAL | rare_earths | People's Republic of China state - via central SASAC for China Rare Earth Group and Inner Mongolia state ownership/SASAC via Baogang Group for China Northern Rare Earth | China | ↗ |
| graphite anode (AAM) | GLOBAL | graphite | No single ultimate owner (global AAM processing segment); leading producers are China-based firms including BTR, Shanghai Shanshan, and Jiangxi Zichen/Putailai, with other suppliers such as Gotion also participating. | China | ↗ |
| copper smelting | GLOBAL | copper | No single ultimate owner - global copper smelting is a fragmented industry, though capacity/output is heavily concentrated in China across multiple Chinese smelter operators such as Jiangxi Copper, Tongling Nonferrous, Jinchuan, and others. | China | ↗ |
| China Hongqiao (Weiqiao Industrial Park, Binzhou + Yunnan) | CN | aluminum | Zhang family (~64% via Hongqiao Holdings); CITIC Group (state-owned) second-largest shareholder | China | ↗ |
| Emirates Global Aluminium - Jebel Ali + Al Taweelah smelters | AE | aluminum | Mubadala Investment Company (Abu Dhabi, state) 50% / Investment Corporation of Dubai (state) 50% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Bratsk Aluminium Smelter (BrAZ) | RU | aluminum | United Company Rusal (controlled by EN+ Group; Oleg Deripaska founder-linked) | Russia | ↗ |
| Hydro Alunorte alumina refinery (Barcarena, Para) | BR | aluminum | Norsk Hydro ASA 62% / Glencore plc 30% / minority shareholders 8% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Weipa bauxite operations (Amrun + Andoom mines) | AU | aluminum | Rio Tinto 100% (operator Rio Tinto Aluminium through RTA Weipa Pty Ltd) | Domestic | ↗ |
| GEMCO (Groote Eylandt Mining Company) | AU | manganese | South32 Limited (60%) + Anglo American plc (40%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Sakura Ferroalloys (Samalaju, Bintulu, Sarawak) | MY | manganese | Assore Limited (~52.29%, via Assore International Holdings) + Sumitomo Corporation (25%) + China Steel Corporation (15.21%) + JFE Minerals (7.5%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Eramet Norway Sauda (manganese alloy plant) | NO | manganese | Eramet SA (100% via Eramet Norway AS) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Richards Bay Minerals (RBM), KwaZulu-Natal | ZA | titanium | Rio Tinto plc 74%; Blue Horizon host-communities consortium 24%; employee trust ~2% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Rio Tinto Fer et Titane (Lac Tio mine + Sorel-Tracy slag complex) | CA | titanium | Rio Tinto plc (100%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Tronox South Africa mineral sands (KZN Sands Fairbreeze + Namakwa Sands) and global TiO2 pigment system | ZA | titanium | Tronox Holdings plc (NYSE-listed, US-based; 100% of the SA mineral-sands operations) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Iluka Synthetic Rutile kilns (Capel/Geographe), Western Australia | AU | titanium | Iluka Resources Limited (ASX-listed, 100%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation, Verkhnyaya Salda | RU | titanium | PJSC VSMPO-AVISMA; Industrial Investments LLC (Mikhail Shelkov) ~65%; Russian state via Rostec holds blocking 25%+1 stake | Russia | ↗ |
| Yunnan Tin (Gejiu/Mengzi tin smelter) | CN | tin | Yunnan Tin Co., Ltd. (SZSE:000960) 100% - controlling shareholder Yunnan Tin Group Co., Ltd. (state-owned LLC, 32.97% = 542,607,311 shares) acting in concert with its parent Yunnan Tin Group (Holding) Co., Ltd. (10.81% = 177,922,654 shares; group total 43.78%); actual controller Yunnan Provincial SASAC | China | ↗ |
| Pisco tin smelter and refinery (Minsur) | PE | tin | Minsur S.A. 100% (Grupo Breca / Brescia family, Peru) | Domestic | ↗ |
| San Rafael tin mine (Minsur) | PE | tin | Minsur S.A. 100% (Grupo Breca / Brescia family, Peru) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Empresa Metalurgica Vinto (tin smelter, Oruro) | BO | tin | Bolivian state - Empresa Metalurgica Vinto S.A., government-owned (100%), nationalized 2007, under the Ministry of Mining / COMIBOL system | Domestic | ↗ |
| Bakuta (Boguty) tungsten mine | KZ | tungsten | JV: Hengzhao International (HK) / Liu Zijia family (43.35%) and Jiangxi Copper Co. (Chinese state, 41.65% via Jiangxi Copper HK); China Railway Construction Corp subsidiaries (15% total) | China | ↗ |
| Sandaozhuang molybdenum-tungsten mine (Luanchuan) | CN | tungsten | CMOC Group Limited (China Molybdenum Co., 100%) | China | ↗ |
| H.C. Starck Tungsten (Goslar/Germany, plus Canada and China sites) | DE | tungsten | Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (via Mitsubishi Materials Europe B.V.; acquired H.C. Starck Holding (Germany) GmbH, closing Dec 17, 2024) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Red Dog mine | US | zinc | Teck Resources Limited (100%, via wholly owned Teck Alaska Incorporated; NANA holds land + net-proceeds royalty, not equity) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Rampura Agucha mine | IN | zinc | Vedanta Limited via majority-owned subsidiary Hindustan Zinc Limited (Vedanta held ~64.9%, reduced to ~61.84% in June 2025; ultimately Vedanta Resources / Anil Agarwal) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Onsan smelter/refinery (Ulsan) | KR | zinc | Korea Zinc Company, Ltd. (KRX-listed; Onsan Refinery wholly owned, no plant-level JV; corporate control contested since 2024 between founding Choi family management and the Young Poong-MBK Partners alliance) | Domestic | ↗ |
| San Juan de Nieva zinc smelter (Asturiana de Zinc / AZSA) | ES | zinc | Glencore plc (AZSA indirectly wholly owned) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Trail Operations (smelting & refining complex) | CA | zinc | Teck Resources Limited (100%, via wholly owned Teck Metals Ltd.) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Cannington mine | AU | lead | South32 Limited (100%) - ASX/LSE/JSE-listed; no single controlling shareholder | Domestic | ↗ |
| Sindesar Khurd mine | IN | lead | Hindustan Zinc Ltd, controlled by Vedanta Ltd 64.92% (ultimately Vedanta Resources/Anil Agarwal); Govt of India 29.54% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Onsan smelter/refinery (lead line) | KR | lead | Korea Zinc Co. Ltd (KRX:010130); control contested as of 2024-2026 - Young Poong/MBK alliance is largest shareholder (~41% of issued shares) but founding Choi family retains management; no settled controlling owner | Domestic | ↗ |
| Henan Yuguang electrolytic lead smelter (Jiyuan) | CN | lead | Henan Yuguang Gold & Lead Co., Ltd. (SSE:600531; controlled by state-owned Henan Yuguang Gold & Lead Group Co., Ltd.) | China | ↗ |
| Met-Mex Peñoles lead smelter & refinery, Torreón | MX | lead | Industrias Peñoles (Met-Mex 100%), controlled by Grupo BAL / Baillères family | Domestic | ↗ |
| Mount Isa lead smelter | AU | lead | Glencore plc (100%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Glencore-Merafe Chrome Venture (5 ferrochrome smelters, 22 furnaces, 6 chrome mines) | ZA | chromium | JV: Glencore plc 79.5% (via Glencore Operations South Africa) and Merafe Resources Ltd 20.5% (via Merafe Ferrochrome) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Samancor Chrome (Western & Eastern Chrome Mines + TC, Ferrometals, Middelburg, Tubatse smelters) | ZA | chromium | Samancor Chrome Holdings (Pty) Ltd: Africa Chrome (majority), a Japanese consortium (Hanwa ~19% / JOGMEC ~10%), and Black Empowerment shareholders | Domestic | ↗ |
| Tharisa Mine (Genesis & Voyager chrome/PGM processing plants), Bushveld Complex | ZA | chromium | Tharisa plc (LSE/JSE-listed; Tharisa Minerals 100% after BEE minority buy-in; controlling shareholder the Pouroulis family via Medway Developments) | Domestic | ↗ |
| IMFA ferrochrome complexes (Therubali, Choudwar, Kalinganagar) + Sukinda/Mahagiri chrome mines | IN | chromium | Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd (IMFA) - promoted/controlled by the Panda family (Bhubaneswar, Odisha) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Pangang Group Vanadium Titanium & Resources (Panzhihua) | CN | vanadium | Chinese state (SASAC) via Ansteel Group Co., Ltd. (parent of Pangang Group); Pangang Group Vanadium Titanium & Resources is the listed operating arm | China | ↗ |
| EVRAZ Vanady-Tula (with feed from EVRAZ KGOK mine and EVRAZ NTMK slag) | RU | vanadium | EVRAZ plc, ultimately controlled by Roman Abramovich (~28.6%), Alexander Abramov and Alexander Frolov; Russian assets placed under 'economically significant organization' (ESO) status freezing foreign-holder rights | Russia | ↗ |
| Rhovan (mine + smelter, near Brits) | ZA | vanadium | Glencore 74% / Bakwena-ba-Mogopa Community Trust 26% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Maracás Menchen Mine | BR | vanadium | Largo Inc. (Canada) holding 99.94% of Largo Vanadio de Maracas S.A.; small residual held by Companhia Baiana de Pesquisa Mineral (State of Bahia) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Vametco (mine + nitrovanadium/V2O5 plant, near Brits) | ZA | vanadium | Bushveld Minerals Limited held 100% of Bushveld Vametco Alloys (Pty) Ltd; Bushveld Minerals entered liquidation and was delisted from AIM/the London Stock Exchange in April 2025, so current control is unresolved | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Araxá mine and ferroniobium plant (CBMM) | BR | niobium | Moreira Salles family (70%) via Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração (CBMM); Chinese steelmaker consortium led by CITIC Group (15%); Japanese-Korean consortium incl. Nippon Steel/JFE/Sojitz/POSCO (15%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Araxá ferroniobium / niobium products conversion (CBMM) | BR | niobium | Moreira Salles family (70%) via CBMM; CITIC-led Chinese consortium (15%); Japanese-Korean consortium (15%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Mibra mine (Nazareno, Minas Gerais) | BR | tantalum | AMG Critical Materials N.V. (operates/controls Mibra 100% via AMG Brasil/AMG Mineracao); tantalum concentrate produced under a JV with JX Advanced Metals/TANIOBIS GmbH (JX priority offtake) from Jan 2023; stake split not publicly disclosed | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Pitinga mine + Pirapora smelter (Mineracao Taboca) | BR | tantalum | China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Co., Ltd. (CNMC) - Chinese state-owned (SASAC); acquired 100% of Mineracao Taboca from Peru's Minsur via CNMC Trade Co. Ltd., closed 2 April 2025 | China | ↗ |
| Wodgina tantalum mine + primary concentrate plant | AU | tantalum | Global Advanced Metals (GAM) - privately held (tantalum business separated from former Talison Minerals); registered office Greenbushes, Western Australia | Domestic | ↗ |
| Greenbushes tantalum secondary processing operation | AU | tantalum | Global Advanced Metals (GAM) - privately held (tantalum business spun out of former Talison Minerals); registered office Greenbushes, Western Australia | Domestic | ↗ |
| GAM Boyertown, Pennsylvania tantalum processing plant | US | tantalum | Global Advanced Metals Pty Ltd (privately held), via Global Advanced Metals USA, Inc. - former Cabot Supermetals tantalum business acquired 2012; only U.S. domestic source processing tantalum directly from ore | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Ningxia Orient Tantalum Industry (OTIC), Shizuishan | CN | tantalum | China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Co., Ltd. (CNMC) - Chinese state-owned (SASAC); controlling shareholder of OTIC (SZSE:000962) via CNMC (Ningxia) Orient Group | China | ↗ |
| Ulba Metallurgical Plant (UMP), Oskemen | KZ | tantalum | JSC National Atomic Company Kazatomprom (Kazakhstan state-controlled; majority owned by sovereign fund Samruk-Kazyna ~63%); UMP is a wholly owned Kazatomprom subsidiary | Domestic | ↗ |
| Sandaozhuang molybdenum-tungsten mine (Luanchuan, Henan) | CN | molybdenum | CMOC Group Limited (100% of mine); CMOC controlling shareholder Cathay Fortune Corporation (~24.9%, chaired by Yu Yong) | China | ↗ |
| Jinduicheng molybdenum mine (Shaanxi) | CN | molybdenum | Jinduicheng Molybdenum Co. (601958), ~72% held by parent Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group, which is wholly owned by Shaanxi Non-ferrous Metals Holding Group Co., Ltd. (Shaanxi Provincial SASAC, Chinese state) | China | ↗ |
| Codelco copper divisions (Andina, El Teniente, Chuquicamata, Radomiro Tomic) | CL | molybdenum | Corporacion Nacional del Cobre de Chile (Codelco) - 100% owned by the Republic of Chile (state) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Sierra Gorda copper-molybdenum mine (Antofagasta) | CL | molybdenum | JV: KGHM Polska Miedz S.A. (55%, Polish State Treasury largest shareholder) + South32 Limited (45%, AU) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Hsikwangshan (Twinkling Star) antimony mine, smelter & refinery, Lengshuijiang, Hunan | CN | antimony | China Minmetals Corporation (central SASAC), via Hunan Nonferrous Metals Holding Group | China | ↗ |
| TALCO Gold mine & processing plant, Konchoch (Ayni District, Sughd) | TJ | antimony | JV: Government of Tajikistan via TALCO (Talco Aluminium) 50% / Tibet Huayu Mining Co. (Huayu Tibet Mining, China) 50% | China | ↗ |
| SPMP antimony roaster / smelter, Sohar Free Zone | OM | antimony | JV: Oman Investment Authority (Oman sovereign fund) 40% / Tri-Star Resources PLC (UK) 40% / DNR Industries (Dutco Group, UAE) 20% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Costerfield gold-antimony mine & Brunswick plant, Victoria | AU | antimony | Alkane Resources Ltd (ASX/TSX-listed; acquired Mandalay Resources Aug 2025) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Dead Sea Magnesium (DSM), Sdom / Dead Sea | IL | magnesium | ICL Group Ltd (100%; ICL controlled by Israel Corporation Ltd / Idan Ofer family interests) | Domestic | ↗ |
| RIMA Industrial primary magnesium plant, Bocaiuva (Minas Gerais) | BR | magnesium | RIMA Group (100% Brazilian privately held) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Solikamsk Magnesium Works (SMZ), Solikamsk (Perm Krai) | RU | magnesium | Russian state: ~89.46% seized by court and transferred to Rosatom (state nuclear corporation) by 2023 presidential decree | Russia | ↗ |
| Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium & Magnesium Plant (UKTMP), Oskemen | KZ | magnesium | Specialty Metals Holding Company 47.22% / New Asia Investment Group 9.99% / Metacapital Investments 9.00% / Metal Resource & Technology 8.00% / New Metal Investments 8.00% / Kolur Holding AG 6.79% / other shareholders (KASE-listed, common shares) | Domestic | ↗ |
| US Magnesium LLC, Rowley (Utah), Great Salt Lake | US | magnesium | The Renco Group, Inc. (controlled by Ira Leon Rennert, 95.8% with family trusts), 100% owner; plant idle since 2021, Chapter 11; key assets won at auction by the State of Utah (Jan 2026) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Hoshine Silicon Industry (industrial silicon / silicon metal; Xinjiang Shanshan + Yunnan Zhaotong bases) | CN | silicon | Ningbo Hoshine Group Co., Ltd. / Luo family (founder-chairman Luo Liguo); SSE-listed 603260 | China | ↗ |
| Elkem silicon metal/ferrosilicon smelters (Norway: Salten, Thamshavn, Bremanger, Bjolvefossen + Iceland/Spain/France via Elkem Silicon division) | NO | silicon | Elkem ASA (Oslo Bors-listed) - publicly held / free float; China National Bluestar (Sinochem) ceased to be a shareholder when its 52.9% stake (338,338,536 shares) was redeemed on 2026-04-30 | Domestic | ↗ |
| Ferroglobe Polokwane silicon metal plant (three-furnace) | ZA | silicon | Ferroglobe PLC (NASDAQ:GSM); principal shareholder Grupo Villar Mir, S.A.U. (Grupo VM) ~36.2% of voting power | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kuznetsk Ferroalloy Works (JSC Kuznetskie Ferrosplavy), Novokuznetsk | RU | silicon | Russian Federation - Federal Agency for State Property Management (Rosimushchestvo); transferred to the state 15 Mar 2024 | Russia | ↗ |
| Mogalakwena mine | ZA | platinum | Valterra Platinum Ltd (100% owned, operated via wholly owned subsidiary Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Impala Rustenburg mining complex | ZA | platinum | Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd (Implats; widely-held public company, JSE) - 87% of Impala | Domestic | ↗ |
| Impala base & precious metals refineries (Springs) | ZA | platinum | Impala Platinum Holdings (Implats) 87% / Bokamoso RF (Siyanda-led B-BBEE consortium) 5% / Impala ESOT 4% / CSOT Co (community trust) 4% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Marikana operations (ex-Lonmin) | ZA | platinum | Sibanye Stillwater Ltd 80.64% / B-BBEE minority shareholders (legacy Lonmin structure: Phembani-led Incwala + employee/community vehicles) 19.36% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Zimplats (Ngezi mines + Selous Metallurgical Complex) | ZW | platinum | Impala Platinum Holdings Ltd (Implats; widely-held public company, JSE) - 87% of Zimplats | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Stillwater & East Boulder mines (Montana) | US | platinum | Sibanye Stillwater Ltd (100%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Mogalakwena mine | ZA | palladium | Valterra Platinum Limited (formerly Anglo American Platinum); demerged from Anglo American effective 31 May 2025 (Anglo retained ~19.9%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Stillwater & East Boulder mines (J-M Reef) + Columbus smelter/refinery | US | palladium | Sibanye-Stillwater Limited (100%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Impala Rustenburg mining & processing complex | ZA | palladium | Impala Platinum Holdings (Implats) 87% / B-BBEE shareholders 13% (4% community share ownership trust + 4% employee share ownership trust + 5% Bokamoso Consortium led by Siyanda Resources) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Zimplats (Ngezi/Selous, Great Dyke) | ZW | palladium | Impala Platinum Holdings Limited (Implats), 87% interest | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Mimosa mine (Great Dyke) | ZW | palladium | Impala Platinum Holdings (Implats) 50% / Sibanye-Stillwater 50% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Vergenoeg mine (VMC Fluorspar), Limpopo/Mpumalanga | ZA | fluorspar | Grupo Minersa (Minerales y Productos Derivados, S.A.), 85% majority; minority MEDU Capital 15% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Bor-Undur (Bor-Ondor) fluorspar mining and processing complex | MN | fluorspar | State of Mongolia (Mongolrostsvetmet LLC / SOE, 100% Mongolian state since 2016) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Mongolrostsvetmet fluorspar mines (Bor-Undur underground + open pits) | MN | fluorspar | State of Mongolia (100% state-owned enterprise; renamed 'Erdenes Critical Minerals' by Cabinet decision of 19 Feb 2025) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Delta, Utah beryllium hydroxide extraction plant | US | beryllium | Materion Corporation (via Materion Natural Resources Inc., 100%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Elmore, Ohio primary beryllium metal/oxide/Cu-Be master-alloy plant | US | beryllium | Materion Corporation (via Materion Brush Inc., 100%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Ulba Metallurgical Plant (Oskemen/Ust-Kamenogorsk) | KZ | beryllium | Republic of Kazakhstan (state) via NAC Kazatomprom JSC (sole shareholder of Ulba); Kazatomprom ~63% held by sovereign fund Samruk-Kazyna plus ~12% Ministry of Finance (as of July 2024) | Domestic | ↗ |
| U.S. Borax mine and refinery, Boron, California | US | boron | Rio Tinto Group (U.S. Borax Inc., wholly owned subsidiary) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Searles Valley Minerals, Trona / Westend plants (Searles Lake) | US | boron | Nirma Limited (India; via Karnavati Holdings) - assets in court-supervised Chapter 11 sale as of June 2026 | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Quiborax S.A. - Salar de Surire / El Aguila plant | CL | boron | Quiborax S.A. (100% private Chilean capital) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Jacinth-Ambrosia mine (+ Narngulu mineral separation plant) | AU | zirconium | Iluka Resources Limited (ASX-listed, widely held) - 100% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Richards Bay Minerals (RBM) | ZA | zirconium | Rio Tinto plc 74%; Blue Horizon (host-community/investor consortium) 24%; employee trust remainder | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Namakwa Sands (Brand-se-Baai mine, Saldanha smelter) + KZN Sands (Fairbreeze mine, Empangeni CPC) | ZA | zirconium | Tronox Holdings plc (NYSE-listed, widely held) - 100% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Grande Côte Operations (GCO) | SN | zirconium | Eramet SA 90% (state of Senegal 10%); Eramet itself ~27% controlled by France's state (APE/Bpifrance) and the Duval family (SORAME/CEIR ~37%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Moma Titanium Minerals Mine | MZ | zirconium | Kenmare Resources plc (LSE/Euronext Dublin listed, widely held) - 100% via Kenmare Moma Mining (Mauritius) Ltd and Kenmare Moma Processing (Mauritius) Ltd | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Rocanville, Saskatchewan | CA | potash | Nutrien Ltd. 100% (widely held Canadian public company, TSX/NYSE: NTR) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Verkhnekamskoye complex (Berezniki & Solikamsk), Perm Krai | RU | potash | Uralchem (holds ~81.47% of PJSC Uralkali); privately controlled Russian fertilizer group | Russia | ↗ |
| Starobin deposit / Soligorsk mining complex (Production Units 1-4 + Petrikov) | BY | potash | Government of Belarus (JSC Belaruskali, state-owned enterprise) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Cory mine, Saskatchewan | CA | potash | Nutrien Ltd. 100% (widely held Canadian public company, TSX/NYSE: NTR) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Jorf Lasfar phosphate fertilizer / phosphoric acid complex | MA | phosphate | Kingdom of Morocco (state-owned OCP Group, ~95%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Kirovsk Branch of Apatit (Khibiny Mountains deposits) | RU | phosphate | PhosAgro PJSC; controlled by the Guryev family (Chlodwig Enterprises + Adorabella holding ~43.7%, plus family direct stakes ~48% combined) | Russia | ↗ |
| Florida phosphate rock mines (Four Corners, South Fort Meade, Wingate, etc.) | US | phosphate | The Mosaic Company (NYSE: MOS; publicly traded, widely held) - Florida mines wholly owned | Domestic | ↗ |
| Guizhou Phosphate Chemical Group (Wengfu + Kailin) phosphate/phosphoric-acid operations | CN | phosphate | Guizhou Provincial SASAC (state-owned enterprise under direct administration of Guizhou Province) | China | ↗ |
| Mangampet (Mangampeta) barytes mine, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh | IN | barite | Government of Andhra Pradesh - 100% via Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corporation Ltd (APMDC) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Rossi barite mine, Elko County, Nevada | US | barite | Halliburton Company - 100% (operated by Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., Baroid product line) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Dunphy barite grinding plant, Nevada (at Rossi Mine site) | US | barite | Halliburton Company - 100% (Baroid product line) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Greystone barite mine + Battle Mountain grinding plant, Nevada | US | barite | Schlumberger Limited (SLB), via M-I SWACO (M-I L.L.C.); M-I SWACO was a Smith International (60%) / Schlumberger (40%) JV until Schlumberger's 2010 acquisition of Smith made it wholly owned | Domestic | ↗ |
| Zhuhai SEZ Fangyuan gallium plants | CN | gallium | Zhuhai SEZ Fangyuan Inc. (privately held, China) | China | ↗ |
| DOWA high-purity gallium (Akita / Kosaka, integrated with Akita Zinc) | JP | gallium | DOWA Holdings Co., Ltd. (100%, via DOWA Metals & Mining / DOWA Electronics Materials; Akita Zinc wholly owned since 29 Mar 2024) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Indium Corporation high-purity gallium refining (Rome & Utica, New York) | US | gallium | Indium Corporation of America (privately held, US) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Neo Performance Materials gallium recycling/refining (Peterborough, Ontario) | CA | gallium | Neo Performance Materials Inc. (TSX: NEO; Peterborough facility 100% Neo-owned) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Yunnan Lincang Xinyuan Germanium / Yunnan Germanium (Lincang lignite Ge mine + ingot/compound refinery) | CN | germanium | Bao Wendong (包文东) and spouse Wu Kaihui (吴开惠) (married couple), actual controllers of listed Yunnan Lincang Xinyuan Germanium Industry Co., Ltd. (SZSE:002428) via controlling shareholder Lincang Feixiang Smelting Co. (临沧飞翔冶炼, 100% owned by Yunnan Dongxing Industry Group) and >5% holder Yunnan Dongxing Industry Group (云南东兴实业集团) | China | ↗ |
| Teck Trail Operations (germanium recovery from Red Dog zinc concentrate) | CA | germanium | Teck Resources Limited (publicly listed, dual-class; Class A multiple-vote control via Keevil family/Temagami Mining together with Sumitomo Metal Mining, with a sunset clause converting Class A to Class B by May 2029) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Umicore Optical & Specialty Materials, Olen germanium refinery/recycling plant | BE | germanium | Umicore SA (publicly listed, Brussels; widely held / high free float, no single controlling shareholder) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Onsan Smelter (Korea Zinc) | KR | indium | Korea Zinc Co., Ltd. | Domestic | ↗ |
| Trail Operations | CA | indium | Teck Resources Limited | Domestic | ↗ |
| Auby smelter | FR | indium | Trafigura Group Pte. Ltd. (Nyrstar operating business wholly owned) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Akita Zinc smelter (Iijima) | JP | indium | DOWA Holdings Co., Ltd. (Akita Zinc Co., Ltd. 100% owned by DOWA Metals & Mining since 29 Mar 2024) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Zhuzhou Smelter Group (zinc/lead smelter, Hunan) | CN | indium | Zhuzhou Smelter Group Co., Ltd. (Shanghai-listed, 600961); ultimately controlled by China Minmetals Corporation (SASAC central SOE) via Hunan Nonferrous Metals Holding Group | China | ↗ |
| Kennecott (Rio Tinto Kennecott Utah) tellurium plant | US | tellurium | Rio Tinto Group - 100% (Rio Tinto Kennecott) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| 5N Plus Montreal (Saint-Laurent, Quebec) refinery | CA | tellurium | 5N Plus Inc. (publicly listed on TSX, no controlling shareholder; largest holder CDPQ ~18%) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Umicore Precious Metals Refining, Hoboken | BE | tellurium | Umicore SA (publicly listed, Euronext Brussels, no controlling shareholder) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Boliden Area (Kankberg Au-Te mine), Sweden | SE | tellurium | Boliden AB (Nasdaq Stockholm listed, no controlling shareholder) - 100% (operations held via Boliden Mineral AB) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Aurubis copper smelter/refinery network (Hamburg) | DE | tellurium | Aurubis AG (publicly listed, Frankfurt; Salzgitter AG holds ~30%, no majority control) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine (W-Mo-Bi), Chenzhou, Hunan | CN | bismuth | Chinese state - China Minmetals Corporation (SASAC, central government); held via listed China Tungsten and High-tech Materials Co., Ltd. (000657.SZ), which acquired 100% of Hunan Shizhuyuan Nonferrous Metals in Dec 2024 from China Minmetals Tungsten Group and Woxi Mining | China | ↗ |
| Onsan zinc-lead smelter/refinery, Ulsan (Korea Zinc) | KR | bismuth | Korea Zinc Co., Ltd. (KRX:010130), a Korea-listed smelter whose board/management is controlled by the founding Choi family camp (retained control through the 2024-2026 proxy battle); the Young Poong - MBK alliance is the largest shareholder bloc (~46%) but does not hold management control | Domestic | ↗ |
| 5N Plus Lao Industrial Resources bismuth refinery, Vientiane | LA | bismuth | 5N Plus Inc. (TSX:VNP) - 100% via subsidiary 5N Plus Lao Industrial Resources Co. Ltd. | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Vital Materials bismuth metal/compounds plants, Guangzhou/Qingyuan | CN | bismuth | Vital Materials Co., Limited (privately held, China) | China | ↗ |
| Zhuzhou Smelter Group lead/zinc smelter, Zhuzhou, Hunan | CN | bismuth | China Minmetals (SASAC) 51.05% via Hunan Nonferrous Metals Holding Group / public float 48.95% - listed opco Zhuzhou Smelter Group Co., Ltd. (600961.SH) | China | ↗ |
| Ilo copper smelter (and refinery) | PE | arsenic | Grupo Mexico S.A.B. de C.V. (controls Southern Copper Corp. 88.9% via Americas Mining Corp.) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Guemassa hydrometallurgical complex (CTT/CMG), fed by Bou Azzer mine | MA | arsenic | Al Mada 81.63% of Managem S.A. (CIMR 8.72% / float 9.65%); Managem holds CTT (Tifnout Tighanimine) 99.79% and CMG (Guemassa) 86.96% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Tsumeb smelter | NA | arsenic | Sinomine Resource Group 98% (via Sinomine (Hong Kong) Rare Metals Resources -> Sinomine Tsumeb Mining Holding (Pty) Ltd) / minority shareholders 2% | China | ↗ |
| Umicore Hoboken precious-metals smelter/refinery | BE | arsenic | Umicore N.V. (Belgian publicly listed materials group; widely held, no controlling shareholder) | Domestic | ↗ |
| Achinsk Alumina Refinery | RU | bauxite_alumina | Rusal (En+) | Russia | ↗ |
| Al Taweelah Alumina Refinery | AE | bauxite_alumina | Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Alcoa San Ciprian alumina refinery | ES | bauxite_alumina | Alcoa Corporation 75% / Trento EQT (formerly IGNIS EQT) 25% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Alumar (Consorcio de Aluminio do Maranhao) alumina refinery | BR | bauxite_alumina | Alcoa 54% (AWAB 39.96% + Alcoa Aluminio 14.04%) / South32 36% / Rio Tinto 10% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Aluminium of Greece (Agios Nikolaos alumina refinery) | GR | bauxite_alumina | Metlen Energy & Metals (Mytilineos) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco/Chinalco) alumina refineries (company-leve | CN | bauxite_alumina | Chalco (Chinalco) | China | ↗ |
| Aughinish Alumina Refinery | IE | bauxite_alumina | Rusal (En+) | Russia | ↗ |
| Bogoslovsk Alumina Refinery (BAZ, Rusal) | RU | bauxite_alumina | Rusal (En+) | Russia | ↗ |
| Damanjodi Alumina Refinery (M&R Complex) | IN | bauxite_alumina | NALCO (National Aluminium Company Ltd., Govt of India 51.28%) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Guangxi Huayin Aluminium Industry Co., Ltd. (Chalco JV) alumina refinery | CN | bauxite_alumina | Chalco (Chinalco/SASAC) 33% / other joint-venture partners combined 67% (partner identities not verified as of 2021; USGS MYB China 2003 named Guangxi Investment Ltd. and Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Co. Ltd. at formation) | China | ↗ |
| Hindalco legacy alumina refineries: Renukoot, Muri & Belagavi | IN | bauxite_alumina | Hindalco Industries Ltd. (Aditya Birla Group) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Hydro Alunorte (Alumina do Norte do Brasil S.A.) | BR | bauxite_alumina | Norsk Hydro 62% / Glencore 30% / minority shareholders 8% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Jamalco alumina refinery | JM | bauxite_alumina | Century Aluminum 55% / Government of Jamaica (Clarendon Alumina Production) 45% | Domestic | ↗ |
| Lanjigarh Alumina Refinery | IN | bauxite_alumina | Vedanta Aluminium (Vedanta Aluminium Metal Ltd., independently listed after demerger from Vedanta Ltd. effective May 1, 2026; Vedanta Resources/Anil Agarwal group remains promoter) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Longkou Donghai Alumina (Shandong Nanshan) refinery | CN | bauxite_alumina | Nanshan Group Co., Ltd. | China | ↗ |
| Pavlodar Alumina Refinery (Aluminium of Kazakhstan) | KZ | bauxite_alumina | Eurasian Resources Group (ERG) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Pinjarra Alumina Refinery | AU | bauxite_alumina | Alcoa Corporation | Domestic | ↗ |
| Queensland Alumina Limited (QAL) | AU | bauxite_alumina | Rio Tinto 80% / Rusal 20% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Ras Al Khair Alumina Refinery | SA | bauxite_alumina | Ma'aden (Saudi Arabian Mining Company) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Shandong Weiqiao (China Hongqiao Group) alumina refineries | CN | bauxite_alumina | China Hongqiao | China | ↗ |
| Tan Rai Bauxite-Alumina Complex | VN | bauxite_alumina | Vinacomin (Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Group, state-owned) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Ural Alumina Refinery (UAZ, Rusal) | RU | bauxite_alumina | Rusal (En+) | Russia | ↗ |
| Utkal Alumina Refinery | IN | bauxite_alumina | Hindalco Industries Ltd. (Aditya Birla Group) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Wagerup Alumina Refinery | AU | bauxite_alumina | Alcoa Corporation | Domestic | ↗ |
| Worsley Alumina | AU | bauxite_alumina | South32 86% / Japan Alumina Associates (Australia) 10% / Sojitz Alumina 4% | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Xinfa Aluminium Group alumina refineries (company-level) | CN | bauxite_alumina | Xinfa Group Co., Ltd. | China | ↗ |
| Yarwun Alumina Refinery | AU | bauxite_alumina | Rio Tinto | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Alcoa Point Comfort alumina refinery | US | bauxite_alumina | Alcoa Corporation | Domestic | ↗ |
| Kwinana Alumina Refinery | AU | bauxite_alumina | Alcoa Corporation | Domestic | ↗ |
| Altamira Plant | MX | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Chemours | Domestic | ↗ |
| CNNC Hua Yuan Titanium Dioxide | CN | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Tinergy Chemical (fmr CNNC Hua Yuan Titanium Dioxide; ultimate controller Wang Zelong 33.45%) | China | ↗ |
| DeLisle Plant | US | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Chemours | Domestic | ↗ |
| Hamilton Pigment Plant | US | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Tronox | Domestic | ↗ |
| INEOS Pigments | US | titanium_mineral_concentrates | INEOS | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha (ISK) | JP | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha (ISK) | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Kemerton / Bunbury Pigment Plant | AU | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Tronox | Domestic | ↗ |
| Kwinana Pigment Plant | AU | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Tronox | Domestic | ↗ |
| LB Group (Lomon Billions) TiO2 operations | CN | titanium_mineral_concentrates | LB Group (Lomon Billions) | China | ↗ |
| Lake Charles TiO2 pigment plant (formerly Louisiana Pigment Co.) | US | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Kronos Worldwide | Domestic | ↗ |
| Langerbrugge (Ghent) TiO2 pigment plant (Kronos Europe) | BE | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Kronos Worldwide | Domestic | ↗ |
| Leverkusen TiO2 pigment plant (Kronos Titan) | DE | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Kronos Worldwide | Domestic | ↗ |
| New Johnsonville Plant | US | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Chemours | Domestic | ↗ |
| Nordenham TiO2 pigment plant | DE | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Kronos Worldwide | Domestic | ↗ |
| Pangang Group Vanadium & Titanium Resources | CN | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Ansteel Group ~49.7% (Pangang Group 27.25% + Ansteel direct 10.98% + Pangang Jiangyou Changcheng Special Steel 6.04% + Pangang Chengdu Steel 5.40%, all disclosed acting-in-concert) / other shareholders ~50.3% | China | ↗ |
| Stallingborough Plant | GB | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Tronox | Domestic | ↗ |
| Thann Plant | FR | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Tronox | Domestic | ↗ |
| Varennes TiO2 pigment plant (Kronos Canada) | CA | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Kronos Worldwide | Domestic | ↗ |
| Yanbu Pigment Plant | SA | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Tronox | Domestic | ↗ |
| Duisburg TiO2 pigment plant | DE | titanium_mineral_concentrates | International Chemical Investors Group (ICIG, Luxembourg) via Sachtleben Chemie - took over the site from insolvent Venator Germany (Jan 2026). TiO2 pigment production permanently discontinued 2024; site continues functional additives | Western / other-foreign | ↗ |
| Botlek Pigment Plant | NL | titanium_mineral_concentrates | Tronox | Domestic | ↗ |
| Greatham TiO2 pigment plant (Teesside) | GB | titanium_mineral_concentrates | LB Group (Lomon Billions), via LB Titanium UK Ltd (trading as Tioxide) | China | ↗ |
Provenance
Curated, web-verified ultimate-owner classification (strata ownership-control seed (sourced + verified)), vintage 2026-06-01. GLEIF alone is insufficient for ownership chains (name-only holders + sparse parent relationships); a commercial graph (BrightQuery / Sayari) would automate the resolvable tier. Production figures are gathered via the strata web-enrichment harness. A missing operation means “not yet mapped”, not “no foreign control”.
