Lithium · Li

1. 1🇨🇱Chile
   24.9%9,200,000 metric tons
2. 2🇦🇺Australia
   22.7%8,400,000 metric tons
3. 3🇨🇳China
   12.4%4,600,000 metric tons
4. 4🇺🇸United States
   11.9%4,400,000 metric tons
5. 5🇦🇷Argentina
   11.9%4,400,000 metric tons
6. 6🇨🇦Canada
   4.3%1,600,000 metric tons
7. 7🇧🇷Brazil
   1.5%540,000 metric tons
8. 8🇿🇼Zimbabwe
   1.4%500,000 metric tons
9. 9🇲🇱Mali
   1.0%370,000 metric tons
10. 10🇵🇹Portugal
    0.2%60,000 metric tons

10 countries shown · USGS-defined economic reserves

751 distinct deposits across the roster

USGS National Geochemical Database · sorted by detection · detected-sample concentration

• 🇨🇳ChinaChemicals
  169.7 kt2024
• 🇦🇺AustraliaBrine and mine, lithium content
  106.7 thousand metric tons2024
• 🇨🇱ChileBrine and mine, lithium content
  53 thousand metric tons2024
• 🇨🇳ChinaBrine and mine, lithium content
  50 thousand metric tons2024
• 🇨🇱ChileChemicals
  49.3 kt2024
• 🇦🇷ArgentinaBrine and mine, lithium content
  17.5 thousand metric tons2024
• 🇦🇷ArgentinaChemicals
  13.2 kt2024
• 🇿🇼ZimbabweBrine and mine, lithium content
  12.5 thousand metric tons2024
• 🇧🇷BrazilBrine and mine, lithium content
  10 thousand metric tons2024
• 🇨🇦CanadaBrine and mine, lithium content
  6 thousand metric tons2024
• 🇦🇺AustraliaChemicals
  4.3 kt2024
• 🇳🇦NamibiaBrine and mine, lithium content
  3 thousand metric tons2024

• Mine production

  HHI 0.20Moderate
  Top Australia 32%2025

  Australia 32% · China 22% · Chile 19% · Zimbabwe 10% · Argentina 8% · Brazil 4%

  USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026

• Chemicalskt

  HHI 0.54Highly concentrated
  Top China 70%2024

  China 70% · Chile 20% · Argentina 5% · Australia 2%

  IEA Critical Minerals Dataset (CMO 2025)

• Brine and mine, lithium contentthousand metric tons

  HHI 0.24Moderate
  Top Australia 40%2024

  Australia 40% · Chile 20% · China 19% · Argentina 7% · Zimbabwe 5% · Brazil 4%

  USGS World Minerals Outlook to 2029 (SIR 2025-5021)

• US import partners

  insufficient coverage
  2 catalogued contributors - too few for a share claim2024

  catalogued only: Chile 54% · Argentina 43% · Other 3%

  USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026

Net import reliance: >50 (2025)

52 events from the USGS commodity-chapter narratives and curated primary sources - the policy, trade, and company intelligence the data tables do not carry.

Current signals (MCS 2026)

• Companyautomobile companies and battery recyclers2025

  Automobile companies and battery recyclers partnered to supply the automobile industry with a source of battery materials. (not specified)

• Capacitylithium producers2025

  Significant production capacity expansions took place. (not specified)

• Projectsome lithium producers2025

  Expansion projects were postponed. (not specified)

• Projectlithium battery recycling plants2025

  Construction of lithium battery recycling plants continued. (not specified)

• Projecttwo new lithium operations2024

  Two new operations started in 2024. (two operations)

• Productionworldwide lithium producers2025

  Worldwide lithium production increased by 31% to approximately 290,000 tons from 222,000 tons in 2024. (31%; approximately 290,000 tons from 222,000 tons)

• Productionlithium mine production2025

  Namibia was temporarily removed from mine production. (not specified)

• Productionsome lithium producers2025

  Some lithium producers reduced output. (not specified)

• Pricelithium marketfirst half of 2025

  Lithium prices remained low during the first half of 2025. (not specified)

• Pricelithium marketsecond half of 2025

  Lithium prices increased during the second half of 2025. (not specified)

• Pricespot lithium carbonateJanuary to November 2025

  Spot lithium carbonate prices in China increased from approximately $9,300 per ton in January to approximately $10,300 per ton in November. (from approximately $9,300 per ton to approximately $10,300 per ton)

• Pricefixed-contract lithium carbonate2025

  The annual average U.S. lithium carbonate price decreased by 31% from 2024. ($9,000 per ton; decrease of 31%)

• Pricespot lithium hydroxideJanuary to November 2025

  Spot lithium hydroxide prices in China increased from approximately $10,300 per ton in January to approximately $11,200 per ton in November. (from approximately $10,300 per ton to approximately $11,200 per ton)

• PricespodumeneJanuary to November 2025

  Spodumene prices in Australia increased from approximately $800 per ton in January to approximately $970 per ton in November. (from approximately $800 per ton to approximately $970 per ton)

Curated events (each row links its primary source)

• PolicyGovernment of Chile / SQM-Codelco2023investmentpolicy.unctad.org

  Chile (holder of the world's largest lithium reserves) launched a National Lithium Strategy in 2023: not outright nationalization (existing contracts honored) but state-majority public-private partnerships for future projects, anchored by an SQM-Codelco joint venture over the Salar de Atacama. (state-majority in new projects; SQM-Codelco JV targets an additional ~300 kt/yr LCE (2025-2030))

• PolicyGovernment of Zimbabwe (SI 213 of 2022)2022-12mccarthy.ca

  Zimbabwe banned exports of unbeneficiated lithium ore (Statutory Instrument 213 of 2022, December 2022), requiring domestic processing - Africa's most prominent lithium resource-nationalism move, aimed at capturing value from its fast-growing (largely Chinese-owned) lithium mines. (raw/unbeneficiated lithium-ore exports banned (large mines continue via concentrate))

• ProductionChina lithium-chemical refiners2024iea.org

  China refines the majority of the world's lithium chemicals (~65% of carbonate + hydroxide), the unavoidable processing funnel for battery-grade lithium regardless of where the ore is mined - most Australian spodumene is shipped to China for conversion. (~65% of world lithium-chemical refining (IEA))

• Pricelithium market2022-2025carboncredits.com

  Lithium chemical prices collapsed ~88% from their late-2022 peak (~US$81,000/t LCE, China spot) to below US$10,000/t by early 2025 as a global supply surge (Australia, China, Africa, South America) outran EV-battery demand growth - postponing expansions and pushing high-cost producers to cut output. (~US$81,000/t (Dec 2022) -> ~US$9,550/t (Feb 2025), ~-88%; LCE output 737 kt (2022) -> ~1.2 Mt (2024))

Company-operations record (Minerals Yearbook - historical, published 3-4 yrs after the data year)

• StockpileDefense Logistics Agency Strategic Materials / National Defense Stockpilefiscal years 2022 and 2023MYB 2022

  did not include any lithium materials in potential acquisitions plans

• PolicyU.S. Government / Inflation Reduction Act clean vehicle tax incentives2025MYB 2022

  barred EVs containing critical minerals extracted, processed, or recycled by a foreign entity of concern from qualifying for clean vehicle tax credit

• PolicyU.S. Government / Inflation Reduction Act clean vehicle tax incentives2024MYB 2022

  barred EVs with battery components manufactured or assembled by a foreign entity of concern from qualifying for clean vehicle tax credit

• PolicyU.S. Government / Inflation Reduction Act clean vehicle tax incentives2023MYB 2022

  established clean vehicle tax credit requirements for North American assembly and critical mineral and battery component content (maximum $7,500 credit; minimum 40% critical minerals content beginning 2023, rising to 80% in 2027 and thereafter; minimum 50% battery component value beginning 2023, rising to 100% in 2029 and thereafter)

• PolicyU.S. Government / Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act2022MYB 2022

  provided funding to support research and development on critical minerals mining, processing, manufacturing, and recycling (approximately $6 billion potentially available for domestic battery materials supply chain; $2.8 billion in DOE grants to 20 companies)

• PolicyU.S. Government / Inflation Reduction Act of 2022August 2022MYB 2022

  signed law to incentivize clean energy production and strengthen critical mineral supply chains ($370 billion)

• CapacityTalison Lithium Pty Ltd. / Greenbushes project2023MYB 2022

  expected production capacity increase with addition of new lithium-processing plant (1,340,000 t/yr 2022 lithium concentrate production capacity; 178,000 t/yr LCE)

• CapacitySociedad Química y Minera de Chile S.A. / Chilean lithium operations2023MYB 2022

  planned further capacity expansions (lithium carbonate to 210,000 t/yr and lithium hydroxide to 40,000 t/yr in 2023)

• CapacityAlbemarle Corp. / Silver Peak lithium carbonate plant2022MYB 2022

  continued work to expand lithium carbonate plant capacity (doubling current production capacity to 10,000 t/yr by 2025)

• CapacityLG Chem Ltd. / Holland Li-ion battery cell plant2022MYB 2022

  operated Li-ion battery cell plant and planned additional capacity (10 GWh/yr production capacity; additional 15 GWh/yr planned)

• CapacityEnvision AESC / Smyrna production facility2022MYB 2022

  manufactured Li-ion battery cells and planned expansion (3 GWh/yr production; additional 7 GWh/yr battery capacity expansion planned)

• CapacityMARBL Lithium Joint Venture / Wodgina mine2022MYB 2022

  began spodumene concentrate production after idling (750,000-t/yr spodumene-concentrate production capacity; Albemarle 60% and Mineral Resources Ltd. 40% ownership)

• CapacityLivent Corp. / lithium hydroxide production capacity2022MYB 2022

  began construction for additional lithium hydroxide production capacity (15,000 t/yr additional lithium hydroxide production capacity)

• CapacityLivent Corp. / lithium hydroxide production capacity2022MYB 2022

  increased lithium hydroxide production capacity (30,000 t/yr in 2022 from 25,000 t/yr in 2021)

• CapacityAlbemarle Corp. / La Negra lithium carbonate conversion plant2022MYB 2022

  completed construction of third conversion plant, increasing Chilean production capacity (80,000 t/yr LCE, almost double 44,000 t/yr LCE in 2021)

• CapacityLivent Corp. / Argentina lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide expansion projects2021 and 2022MYB 2022

  resumed lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide expansion projects (20,000-t/yr lithium carbonate capacity expansion expected in 2023 and 2024; second 30,000-t/yr expansion engineering began; total expected 70,000 t/yr lithium carbonate capacity in Argentina)

• ProjectAlbemarle Corp. / Kings Mountain mineral concentrator2022MYB 2022

  was awarded DOE grant to assist construction of new commercial-scale mineral concentrator (nearly $150 million grant; up to 350,000 t/yr of spodumene concentrate)

• ProjectAlbemarle Corp. and Mineral Resources Ltd. / Kemerton lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide processing plant2022MYB 2022

  completed construction of processing plant (capacity to process nearly 1 million t/yr of spodumene concentrate; Albemarle 60% and Mineral Resources 40% ownership)

• ProjectMinera Exar S.A. / Cauchari-Olaroz lithium project2022MYB 2022

  completed substantial construction of stage 1 and planned stage 2 expansion (stage 1 planned 40,000 t/yr LCE; stage 2 additional 20,000 t/yr LCE)

• ProjectAlbemarle and Mineral Resources / Kemerton mineral conversion plant2022MYB 2022

  completed construction of mineral conversion plant (initial spodumene concentrate processing capacity of 1,000,000 t/yr)

• ProductionUS Magnesium LLC / Delle lithium carbonate plant2022MYB 2022

  continued commercial production of lithium carbonate (9,000-t/yr capacity)

• ProductionTesla Inc. / Gigafactory 52022MYB 2022

  began commercial production of Li-ion battery cells (55 GWh/yr operational capacity; additional 145 GWh/yr planned)

• ProductionUltium Cells LLC / Lordstown Li-ion battery cell facility2022MYB 2022

  began commercial production at Li-ion battery cell facility (9 GWh/yr facility; additional 31 GWh/yr planned)

• ProductionSK Innovation Co., Ltd. / Commerce first Li-ion battery plant2022MYB 2022

  began commercial production at first of two Li-ion battery plants (9.8 GWh/yr cell capacity at first plant; 10.1 GWh/yr planned at second plant)

• ProductionLivent Corp. / Salar de Hombre Muerto facility2022MYB 2022

  produced lithium carbonate and lithium chloride (16,950 t lithium carbonate and 4,750 t lithium chloride; 26,000-t/yr LCE facility)

• ProductionAllkem Ltd. / Olaroz lithium Project2022MYB 2022

  produced lithium carbonate and planned capacity increase (13,959 t lithium carbonate; production capacity 17,500 t/yr; planned increase to 42,500 t/yr by 2024)

• ProductionTalison Lithium Pty Ltd. / Greenbushes spodumene deposit2022MYB 2022

  increased lithium production from spodumene deposit (37,535 t lithium content (200,000 t LCE), up 69% from 22,169 t lithium content in 2021; 1,340,000 t/yr lithium concentrate production capacity)

• ProductionMARBL Lithium Joint Venture / Wodgina mine2022MYB 2022

  began spodumene concentrate production at Wodgina mine (Albemarle 60% and Mineral Resources Ltd. 40% ownership; spodumene resource 259 Mt grading 1.17% lithium oxide; 65% recovery rate)

• ProductionPilbara Minerals Ltd. / Pilgangoora lithium-tantalum project2022MYB 2022

  increased lithium production (14,423 t lithium content (76,780 t LCE), up 59% from 9,054 t in 2021)

• ProductionAllkem Ltd. / Mt Cattlin operation2022MYB 2022

  decreased lithium production (2,990 t lithium content (15,920 t LCE), down 53% from 6,405 t in 2021)

• ProductionSociedad Química y Minera de Chile S.A. / Salar de Atacama and Antofagasta operations2022MYB 2022

  produced lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide and increased sales (153,000 t lithium carbonate; 15,763 t lithium hydroxide; sold 156,800 t LCE, up 55% from 2021)

• ProductionAlbemarle Corp. / Chile operations2022MYB 2022

  reported lithium carbonate production (53,000 t lithium carbonate)

• ProductionChina lithium operations2022MYB 2022

  increased domestic lithium production from brine and minerals (approximately 120,000 t LCE, up 60% from 75,000 t in 2021)

• ProductionMineral Resources and Jiangxi Ganfeng Lithium Co., Ltd. / Mt Marion lithium project2022MYB 2022

  increased lithium production (12,834 t lithium content (68,320 t LCE), up 7% from 11,971 t in 2021)

• Silver Peak Lithium MineTransparency · NV · Department of the Interior
  Complete1 yr (NOI to ROD)
• Hell's Kitchen Critical Minerals & PowerCovered · CA · Department of the Army
  In ProgressIn Progress
• Tonopah Flats Lithium ProjectCovered · NV · Department of the Interior
  In ProgressROD 2027-04-09 (target)
• 3PL Railroad Valley Exploration ProjectTransparency · NV · Department of the Interior
  CompleteComplete
• Angel IslandTransparency · NV · Department of the Interior
  In ProgressROD 2028-02-04 (target)
• Kings Mountain Lithium Material Processing PlantTransparency · NC · Department of Energy
  CompleteComplete
• Liberty OwlTransparency · LA · Department of Energy
  In ProgressIn Progress
• McDermitt Exploration ProjectTransparency · OR · Department of the Interior
  In ProgressIn Progress
• South West Arkansas ProjectTransparency · AR · Department of Energy
  CompleteComplete

US-mining permitting benchmark (cross-commodity): median 1.87 yr from Notice of Intent to Record of Decision over 7 completed cycles (range 1 to 9.99 yr).

FAST-41 covers only large projects with a federal nexus, so it is not a representative sample of US permitting timelines.

Lead-times are driven by project size, litigation, and tribal/environmental consultation - and by the permitting-regime policy of the day - far more than by the commodity.

The benchmark is a small-n median over projects that finished a cycle; recent fast cycles reflect an expedited-permitting push and may not persist.

Source: U.S. Federal Permitting Dashboard (FAST-41). US federal government work (public domain).

• 10,000-ton Lithium Salt plant (Wanhang), XinyuGanfeng Lithium Group Co., Ltd. · China · chemical_processing, refinery, smelter

  81000 tons/year LiOH nameplate · ~13,365 t/yr contained

  source: [1][capacity source]
  lithium hydroxideoperatingofficial
• ACC - Automotive Cells Company ACC Nersac Pilot Line / Industrial Excellence CenterAutomotive Cells Company (ACC) · France · battery_cell

  2 GWh/yr nameplate · ~200 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  lithium-ion EV battery cells, prototype EV batteriesoperatingofficial
• ACCUREC-Recycling GmbH Krefeld Lithium Battery Recycling / Lithium Recovery PlantACCUREC-Recycling GmbH · Germany · recycling, chemical_processing

  4000 t/yr planned · ~752 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• AESC France AESC Douai GigafactoryAESC · France · battery_cell

  10 GWh/yr operating · ~1,000 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  EV lithium-ion battery cells / batteriesoperatingofficial
• AESC Group AESC Japan Zama battery plantAESC Japan Ltd. · Japan · battery_cell

  2.6 GWh/yr operating · ~260 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  lithium-ion batteries for EVs, batteries for ESSoperatingofficial
• AESC Ibaraki PlantAESC Japan Ltd. · Japan · battery_cell

  6 GWh/yr nameplate · ~600 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  lithium-ion batteries, EV batteriesoperatingofficial
• AESC Smyrna battery plantFixx Energy · United States · battery_cell

  source: [1]
  LFP ESS battery cells, LFP winding prismatic cellsoperatingofficial
• Albemarle Corporation Kings Mountain Production Site / Lithium Conversion FacilityAlbemarle Corporation · United States · battery_cell, cathode_anode, chemical_processing, refinery

  5500 t/yr operating · ~990 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle Corporation La Negra conversion plantAlbemarle Limitada · Chile · chemical_processing

  85000 t/yr operating · ~15,980 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle Corporation Langelsheim production plantAlbemarle Germany GmbH · Germany · chemical_processing

  source: [1] [2] [3]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle Corporation New Johnsonville plantAlbemarle Corporation · United States · chemical_processing

  source: [1] [2]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle Corporation Qinzhou lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide facilityAlbemarle Corporation · China · chemical_processing

  25000 t/yr LCE nameplate · ~4,700 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle Corporation Rockwood Lithium Taiwan plantRockwood Lithium Taiwan Co., Ltd. · Taiwan · chemical_processing

  source: [1]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle Corporation Salar de Atacama / Planta SalarAlbemarle Limitada · Chile · mine, concentrator

  source: [1] [2] [3]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle Corporation Silver Peak Production SiteAlbemarle Corporation · United States · chemical_processing, concentrator, mine, refinery

  6000 t/yr nameplate · ~1,128 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle Corporation Xinyu lithium hydroxide facilityAlbemarle Corporation · China · chemical_processing

  20 kt/yr LCE nameplate · ~3,600 t/yr contained

  source: [1][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle Kings Mountain lithiumAlbemarle U.S. Inc. · USA · mine, chemical_processing

  3100000 tons/yr planned

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• Albemarle U.S. Inc. Salar de Atacama Plant / Brine Concentration SiteAlbemarle Limitada · Chile · mine, concentrator, chemical_processing

  source: [1] [2] [3]
  operatingofficial
• American Battery Technology Company Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling FacilityAmerican Battery Technology Company · United States · recycling, chemical_processing

  20000 t/yr nameplate

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• Amita Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Amita Lithium-ion Battery Factory, EA FacilityAmita Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd. · Thailand · battery_cell

  4 GWh/yr planned · ~400 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  lithium-ion batteries, battery systemsoperatingofficial
• Amperex Technology Limited (ATL) / Dongguan Amperex Technology Ltd. ATL Dongguan manufacturing base, 1 West Industrial Road, Songshan LakeDongguan Amperex Technology Limited / Amperex Technology Limited (ATL) · China · battery_cell, other

  source: [1] [2] [3]
  lithium-ion battery cells, battery packsoperatingofficial
• Amperex Technology Limited (ATL) / Ningde Amperex Technology Ltd. ATL Ningde manufacturing base, 1 Xingang Road, Zhangwan Town, Jiaocheng DistrictAmperex Technology Limited (ATL) · China · battery_cell, other

  6.16 GWh/yr operating · ~616 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2][capacity source]
  rechargeable lithium-ion battery cells, lithium-ion battery packsoperatingofficial
• Anqing Derun New Energy Materials Co., Ltd. Anqing lithium iron phosphate cathode-material plantAnqing Derun New Energy Materials Co., Ltd. · China · cathode_anode

  source: [1] [2]
  Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode materialoperatingofficial
• Arcadium Lithium (Livent) Bessemer CityRio Tinto Lithium · United States · refinery, chemical_processing

  15000 t/yr operating · ~2,700 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• Ascend Elements Base 1Ascend Elements · United States · recycling, chemical_processing

  30000 t/yr operating

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  operatingofficial
• Ascend Elements Novi CAM finishing / cathode sintering siteAscend Elements · United States · chemical_processing, cathode_anode

  source: [1] [2] [3]
  cathode active material (CAM), NMC cathode materialoperatingofficial
• Ascend Elements R&D Center / pilot pCAM facilityAscend Elements, Inc. · United States · chemical_processing, cathode_anode

  source: [1] [2] [3]
  NMC precursor cathode active material (pCAM)operatingofficial
• Automotive Cells Company ACC Billy-Berclau Douvrin gigafactoryACC - Automotive Cells Company · France · battery_cell

  40 GWh/yr planned · ~4,000 t/yr contained

  source: [1] [2] [3][capacity source]
  lithium-ion battery cells, battery modulesoperatingofficial
• BASF Battery Materials Schwarzheide Black Mass PlantBASF Schwarzheide GmbH · Germany · recycling

  source: [1] [2] [3]
  operatingofficial
• BASF Battle Creek cathode active materialBASF Toda America LLC · United States · cathode_anode

  source: [1] [2] [3]
  cathode active materials for lithium-ion batteries, NCM cathode materialsoperatingofficial

Showing 30 of 823 (verified / operating first).

Provenance. Facilities were sourced by more than one method - 521 classified from the operator's OFFICIAL website by an LLM (gpt-5.5), web search hard-locked to the company domain, then adversarially web-verified; 302 captured from the operator's published ANNUAL REPORT or regulatory filing (a cited primary source). 814 of 823 carry an explicit source URL and capacity figures cite their own official page. As of 2026-06-19. Citations are verified and link-maintained: a 56-facility content audit found 100% on the company's official domain and 89% backed by the live page text, and a full-seed link sweep refreshed rotted URLs against the official site (pages with no current official source are left uncited). Some official pages are JavaScript-rendered or bot-protected.

Capacity is captured where the official site states it (partial, not every facility), across both upstream refining/chemical plants and component cathode/anode/cell/magnet plants.

Contained-mineral tonnes/yr is derived from each plant's published PRODUCT capacity via explicit content coefficients (kg contained metal per kg product), so figures are comparable across plants that report different product forms. The coefficients: refined copper ~1.0 (cathode 0.999, anode/blister 0.98); nickel sulphate 0.22, class-1/MHP and Ni-content ferronickel ~1.0, but GROSS class-2 alloy converts to contained Ni (nickel pig iron 0.11, ferronickel 0.23) so Indonesian RKEF capacity counts its true Ni content, not gross alloy tonnage; lithium carbonate 0.188, hydroxide 0.165, LCE 0.188, spodumene SC6 0.028; rare-earth oxide (REO) 0.80 (metal 0.90, carbonate 0.55); NdFeB magnet -> neodymium 0.22 of magnet mass; natural graphite concentrate 0.92, artificial/anode graphite 0.95; battery cells from GWh x strata cell-chemistry intensities (demand-side). These are engineering-grade coefficients (industry purity/stoichiometry ranges), not plant-specific assays. Only operating + nameplate capacity is summed (planned excluded); the figure is normalised by REGIME (upstream refining vs component cathode/anode/cell/magnet) and never summed across regimes, since a cathode and the cell it feeds count the same physical metal.

Coverage is a partial census (curated + sourced from public disclosures), not exhaustive; the long tail of smaller plants is incomplete.

Captured upstream capacity is deduplicated to distinct PHYSICAL PLANTS - the same plant recorded under variant names or different owners (e.g. across an annual report and the web-classified census) is counted once. It is nameplate+operating CAPACITY, not production, so it can exceed annual output (refining capacity is typically run below nameplate).

LLM-classified rows are read from the company's OFFICIAL website (web search domain-locked) and adversarially verified; 'official' marks a row from the company's own site, 'web' from broader search.

Rows not classified by an LLM are drawn from company annual reports / regulatory filings, each cited to that primary source per row (not LLM-classified).

Source: strata midstream-components topology (company official sites, LLM-classified + company annual reports & filings).

One panel per reported form family and basis - a tonne of metal appears at every chain stage (mine -> smelter -> refined), so stages are never summed with each other, and gross mineral tonnes never rank against contained metal.