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Commoditygraphite

Critical · 3 lists

Graphite

industrial_mineral · primary

DOE_2023

USGS_2022

USGS_2025

Bottom line

Graphite sits on 3 federal critical-minerals lists; mine supply is highly concentrated (HHI 0.64, 2025), led by 🇨🇳 China at 80% of output. The US is 100% net import-reliant (2025). Prices fell 5% over the past year (-7%/yr over 4y).

At a glance

Headline indicators

Price · 2025e

1,000dollars per metric ton

USGS MCS (Average unit value of imports) · source marks this value estimated

Price trend

-5% 1Y

-7%/yr · 4Y CAGR

US net import reliance · 2025

100%

Mine production HHI

0.64

Highly concentrated · 2025

From ore to use

lifecycle flow

01Reserves
310.0Mt
China leads · 32% share
02Production
1.8Mt
China top · 2025
03Trade
70.6Kt
net importer · 2025
04Stocks
-
05Consumption
71.0Kt
Consumption, apparent · 2025

Coverage

Data coverage notes

no dataNo commodity-decomposed scrap or end-of-life flows - No USGS MCS Fig13 scrap rows. EU WEEE / battery EOL flows (Phase 6.1.1) are country-keyed only - see country profiles.
datedExport-restriction inventory ends 2020 - The OECD industrial-raw-materials inventory (vendored snapshot) reports HS-line measures only through 2020; restrictions enacted since are not reflected in the measure table.
narrowConsumption geography is single-economy (United States) - Reported consumption covers one economy only - the world usage split must be read from trade flows, not from a consumption table.

Provenance

Where this data comes from

Methodology

How strata reads a commodity

The eight-stage lens, the observed-vs-estimated membrane, stage-honest supply, per-stage concentration, ownership resolution and the demand lens - the full method is illustrated live on copper, nickel and lithium.

Read the methodology, illustrated live →

Model inputs

Export for GCAM

This commodity's rows from strata's GCAM-CMM input bundle - graded supply curves (USGS reserves × benchmark cost model, 1975 USD/kg per GCAM convention), demand intensities, and the basis lineage that says exactly what each figure counts. These are inputs toGCAM: strata is the data; the model and its runs are PNNL's. Every file keeps its provenance header.

Whole tables: A11 · A10 info · A32 · ·

bundle manifest

intensity API (JSON)

BGS World Mineral Statistics
GrafTech FY2024 Form 10-K
graftech 10k 2024
iea cmo 2024
IEA Critical Minerals Dataset (CMO 2025)
strata midstream/components census
midstream_components_seed
NI 43-101 / AIF deposit economics (tungsten + tin)
ni43101_deposits
NRCan Graphite Facts
strata ownership-control seed
ownership_control_seed
Statistics Canada Table 16-10-0022
USGS DS-140 (constant 1998 USD)
USGS DS-140 (nominal)
USGS MCS (Average unit value of imports)
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries World Data (legacy wide format, 2023-2025 vintages)
USGS Minerals Yearbook OFR 2025-1047
USGS Minerals Yearbook Vol III, reference year 2019
usgs myb1 graphite 2021
usgs myb1 graphite 2022
USGS ARDF
USGS Critical-Mineral Deposits
usgs_critmin_deposits_v3
USGS MRDS deposits
usgs_mrds_2016
USGS Critical Minerals (PP-1802)
usgs_pp1802_global
USGS USMIN Critical Deposits
usmin_critical_deposits

23 sources · titles open the source card · url opens the publisher