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Commodityrare_earths

Critical · 1 lists

Rare earths

REE · primary

USGS_2025

Bottom line

Rare earths sits on 1 federal critical-minerals list; mine supply is highly concentrated (HHI 0.51, 2025), led by 🇨🇳 China at 69% of output. The US is 67% net import-reliant (2025).

At a glance

Headline indicators

Price · 2025

6dollars per kilogram

USGS MCS (Mischmetal, 65% cerium, 35% la)

US net import reliance · 2025

67%

Mine production HHI

0.51

Highly concentrated · 2025

From ore to use

lifecycle flow

01Reserves
85.0Mt
China leads · 52% share
02Production
389.3Kt
China top · 2025
03Trade
7.2Kt
net importer · 2025

Process engineering

3 PROMMIS flowsheets

PROMMIS · uky
Open workbench →
Primary REE recovery from coal byproducts: leaching → solvent extraction (rougher + cleaner) → precipitation → roasting. Reports per-metal recoveries + overall product purity at the canonical UKy reference flowsheet.
commodity: rare_earths · suggested axis: leach_liquid_feed_rate_l_per_hr · y: overall_ree_recovery_pct
PROMMIS · hydrogen_decrepitation
Open workbench →
End-of-life route: H2-atmosphere embrittlement of NdFeB permanent magnets recovered from HDDs - the physical pre-treatment that makes the magnet matrix millable before separation.
commodity: rare_earths · suggested axis: operating_temperature_k · y: nd_mass_frac_product_pct
PROMMIS · cmi
Open workbench →
End-of-life route: the CMI hydrometallurgical process - copper-nitrate dissolution → pH adjustment → oxalate precipitation → calcination to Nd-oxide. A wet alternative to hydrogen decrepitation for NdFeB recycling.

Coverage

Data coverage notes

no dataNo commodity-decomposed recycling data - No USGS MCS Fig13 scrap rows. EU WEEE / battery EOL flows (Phase 6.1.1) are country-keyed only - see country profiles.
datedExport-restriction inventory ends 2020 - The OECD industrial-raw-materials inventory (vendored snapshot) reports HS-line measures only through 2020; restrictions enacted since are not reflected in the measure table.
narrowConsumption geography is single-economy (United States) - Reported consumption covers one economy only - the world usage split must be read from trade flows, not from a consumption table.

Provenance

Where this data comes from

04Stocks

-

05Consumption

27.0Kt

Consumption, apparent, compounds and metals · 2025

commodity: rare_earths · suggested axis: nd_magnet_conversion · y: nd_recovery_pct

Methodology

How strata reads a commodity

The eight-stage lens, the observed-vs-estimated membrane, stage-honest supply, per-stage concentration, ownership resolution and the demand lens - the full method is illustrated live on copper, nickel and lithium.

Read the methodology, illustrated live →

BGS World Mineral Statistics
IEA Critical Minerals Dataset (CMO 2025)
strata midstream/components census
midstream_components_seed
strata ownership-control seed
ownership_control_seed
SEC S-K 1300 TRS - LLM extraction lane
sec_edgar_ex96_pdf
USGS DS-140 (constant 1998 USD)
USGS DS-140 (nominal)
USGS MCS (Mischmetal, 65% cerium, 35% la)
USGS MCS (Neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) )
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries World Data (legacy wide format, 2023-2025 vintages)
USGS Minerals Yearbook OFR 2025-1047
USGS Minerals Yearbook Vol III, reference year 2019
USGS ARDF
USGS Critical-Mineral Deposits
usgs_critmin_deposits_v2
USGS MRDS deposits
usgs_mrds_2016
USGS Critical Minerals (PP-1802)
usgs_pp1802_global
USGS World Phosphate Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences
usgs_world_phosphate
USGS USMIN Critical Deposits
usmin_critical_deposits

19 sources · titles open the source card · url opens the publisher